“Die studies of the earliest Sabaean and Qatabanian coinages,” in M. Huth and P. van Alfen, eds., Coinage of the Caravan Kingdoms: studies in the monetization of ancient Arabia. New York: American Numismatic Society (2010), pp. 257-302.

Coinage of the Caravan Kingdoms, pp. © e American Numismatic Society – XI Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages P – P G. A I ¹ Chapters in this volume by Huth, Stein, and Potts each provide information on the numismatic, economic, and historical contexts for the South Arabian ‘Old Style’ Athenian imitations produced by the Qatabanians and Sabaeans beginning in the fourth century BCE. is chapter compliments the others by focusing on the numismatic evidence, o ering a corpus of published specimens, observed die links, die axes, comments on comparative style and dating, and a study of the metrology. e Qatabanian and Sabaean coinages are rst considered separately, while general conclusions about both series are found in the nal section. .Q Our understanding of early Qatabanian coinage is due almost entirely to the discovery of the asSurayrah hoard, which produced several hundred examples in a range of denominations. Since . I owe thanks to several people for providing photographs and other material for this study: Barbara Davidde, Kay Ehling, Volker Heuchert, Martin Huth, Jamie Knapp, Alexander Sedov, Dimitra Tsangari, Klaus Vondrovec, Bernhard Weisser, and David Wray. I also thank Julian Biber for his assistance with the images. . See [Chps. II, IV, X, XII]. ‘Old Style’ refers to the general type of Athena/owl coinage produced in Athens from the late sixth century until the third century BCE, which di ered from the ‘New Style’ coinage introduced in the second century BCE. is chapter considers only the Old Style imitations bearing (a reasonable approximation of) Athena on the obverse and the owl on the reverse. e series with male head (e.g., [ – ]) and the New Style imitations (e.g., [ – ]) are not considered. . Davidde ( ), Sedov ( ), and ‘Abdullah and Sedov ( ) note several hundred additional Qatabanian and Sabaean Old Style coins held by various Yemeni museums. I was not able to obtain photographs or information about these coins. Also, of the coins published by Davidde ( ) from the Bagil hoard, only the images of nos. – were usable for this die study. No weights or die axes were provided for any of the coins. . CH . . See ‘Abdullah et al. ( ), ‘Abdullah and Sedov ( ), and Huth [Chp. IV]. ‘Abdullah and Sedov also 258 P G. A , over a dozen additional coins have appeared on the market (see Appendix , QI.A and QI.C ), perhaps from an as yet unrecorded hoard. Although at rst glance these Athenian imitations, particularly the smaller denominations, appear indistinguishable from the Sabaean issues that bear identical denominational marks on Athena’s cheek, the use of a di erent weight standard and the presence of the Qatabanian Royal monogram, , on the reverse of many of the coins — thus the Qatabanian attribution—make it clear that these coins are not related administratively to the Sabaean issues. As Table shows, the Qatabanians produced a fairly large number of coins, but far fewer than the Sabaeans (see Table ). In all likelihood, the coins were produced in six denominations, ve of which are known. Starting with the largest coin, each subsequent, smaller denomination was obtained by halving (e.g., . g ÷ = . g, etc.), until the smallest coin, which weighed / th of the largest (i.e., / th of the basic ‘drachm’ unit), was obtained. However, between the largest, c. . g and the smallest, c. . g denomination, no coins weighing c. . g ( / of . g) are known as yet. e South Arabian terminology for these denominations is known (see Appendices and ; Stein [Chp. XII]), but for the sake of convenience, Athenian denominational terminology (e.g., tetradrachm, didrachm, drachm, hemidrachm, tritartemorion) is used here in order to distinguish the Qatabanian series from the Sabaean, for which the following denominational terms are used: unit, / -unit, / -unit, / -unit, / -unit. Table : Comparative Size of Qatabanian Coinage n I. ’rb‘t (bl t) (tetradrachms) QI.A: ( ) QI.B: ( ) QI.C (all subgroups): II. *kl’ (didrachms) QII.A: ( ) ( ) ( ) . ( . ) . ± . ( . ± . ) ( ) ( ) ( . ) . ( ) ( ) . ( . ) . ± . ( . ± . ) n/a n/a n/a d(o) d(r) R D note that individual coins of this type have appeared in controlled excavations in Qatabanian territories. . I have given each type of coin its own designator, e.g., QI.A. “Q” indicates that the type is from the Qatabanian series, while “S” indicates Sabaean. Sub-types are indicated by letters following the Roman numeral, e.g., QI.A, QI.B, etc. Full descriptions of the (sub)types can be found in Appendices and . . See Huth [Chp. X] and Stein [Chp. XII] for discussions on the meaning and signi cance of the denominational marks. For the weight standards of the Qatabanian and Sabaean coinages, see sections .B and .B below. . e estimated total number of dies was calculated using Carter’s ( ) method. e estimated number of dies (“D” in Tables and ) is most reliable, indicated by a small standard deviation, when the sample size (“n”) is greater than and the characteroscopic index (“R”) is greater than . Where this was not the case, and because the resulting gures would be e ectively meaningless, I did not perform the calculations, indicated by “n/a”. In Appendices and , I also included coins that had one or more sides worn beyond recognition, or were so poorly photographed to preclude identi cation of the die; these are indicated by “?”. In the calculations of Tables and , all ?-coins were excluded from both “n” and “d(o)”, and therefore from “D”. But because each “?” could potentially represent yet another di erent die, separate calculations were therefore made that included each “?” in “n” but also as a distinct “d(o)”. ese calculations are found on the line below within the parentheses. In such cases the actual gure for “D” must lie between the two gures, e.g., in the case of QI.A, between D and . e gures for “D” for the Qatabanian series are respectable, but well below those of the heavy producers from the Mediterranean; compare de Callataÿ ( : appendix ). . For more on the Qatabanian and Sabaean denominational systems and weight standards see sections .B and .B. XI. Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages 259 Table : Comparative Size of Qatabanian Coinage, continued n QII.B: QII.C: III. n f (drachms) QIII: IV. gms (hemiobols) QIV.A: ( ) QIV.B: V. s s ‘ (obols) QV: n/a e following abbreviations are used: the sample size (the number of coins): n; the number of di erent obverse dies observed: d(o); the number of di erent reverse dies observed: d(r); the characteroscopic index: R = n/d(o); the estimated original number of obverse dies: D. d(o) d(r) R . . . . D . ± . n/a . ± . . ± . ( . ± . ) n/a ( ) ( ) ( . ) .A: e Qatabanian Die Study Appendix presents the corpus of Qatabanian coinage. ere are three basic types of tetradrachms: QI.A, QI.B, and QI.C. e largest type numerically, QI.A, is also the most stylistically coherent, distinguished by a moustache-like feature on ‘Athena,’ and the coins’ generally close stylistic a nity to one another and to Athens’ pi-style coinage that began c. BCE. None of these coins bear any additional South Arabian marks or letters, nor do coins of type QI.B. While they are obviously not bona de Athenian pi-style issues, type QI.B tetradrachms are also not stylistically related to QI.A or QI.C coins, and indeed are far more stylistically heterogeneous as a group. e coins of type QI.C, which bear a general familial resemblance to type QI.A, are distinguished by the additional South Arabian symbols or letters found either on the obverse of the coin, the reverse, or both. ere are nine sub-types within QI.C, most represented by only a single coin. Sub-types QI.C. and QI.C. are notable for the close stylistic relationship between their obverses (cf. Appendix , nos. – ), including the presence of s ( ), indicating they are likely the product of the same workshop, if not the same engraver. Signi cantly, QI.C. has the Qatabanian royal monogram on the reverse while QI.C. does not. ree of the nine sub-types—QI.C. , QI.C. , and QI.C. —have the Qatabanian royal monogram on the reverse assuring the Qatabanian attribution for type QI.C generally. Although the Qatabanian attribution for types QI.A, and QI.B is less assured than it is for QI.C, the shared weight standard, general stylistic a nity between types QI.A and QI.C, and the fact that coins from all three types were found in the as-Surayrah (CH . ) and al-Jawf hoards (for which see Huth [Chp. IV]), and do not have immediate parallels from elsewhere in the ancient Near East, advocate a Qatabanian origin for types QI.A and Q.I.B as well. ere are three types of didrachms. Unlike the tetradrachms, which bear no denomination marks, the didrachms have the letter on Athena’s cheek. Besides this denomination mark, type QII.A has no additional South Arabian symbols or letters; QII.B has, in addition to the denomination mark on the obverse, the Qatabanian royal monogram on the reverse; QII.C has additional monograms on the obverse. Stylistically, the didrachms as a group di er from the tetradrachms by copying not the mid-fourth century pi-style Athenian issues, but rather earlier (c. BCE) imita. e distinguishing trait of these coins is Athena’s pro le eye (compared to the frontal eye of the h-century series) and the pi-shaped ornament on the helmet above the ear. For the beginnings and date of the pi-style series see Kroll ( ). 260 P G. A tive owls produced in Egypt, which were rst classi ed by eodore Buttrey ( , ). Like the didrachms, the Buttrey type M owls are characterized by a frontal, rather than pro le eye, and by the double-crossed helmet ornament above Athena’s ear. ere is only one type of drachm, QIII, which has the denomination mark H on Athena’s cheek, but no Qatabanian Royal monogram on the reverse. Like the didrachms, the drachms also are characterized by a frontal, rather than pro le eye on Athena, but do not appear to have copied Buttrey type M imitations as the helmet ornament is closer in style to that found on the Athenian pi-style coinage. Each drachm, in other words, is a stylistic hybrid. e two types of hemidrachms, QIV.A and QIV.B, with the denomination mark on the obverse, are like the tetradrachms closer stylistically to the pi-style coinage; both types have the royal monogram on the reverse. QIV.B (Appendix , no. ) is distinguished by the additional letter s ( ) on the reverse. Finally, the single type of tritartemorion, QV, with the letter on the obverse, also has the Royal monogram on the reverse. Stylistically the coins are mixed; O (Appendix , no. ), for example, appears similar to the pi-style owls, while O (Appendix , no. ) has the frontal eye and oral helmet ornament of the late h-century owls. In general, there are several things to note about early Qatabanian coinage as a whole. e mix of pi-style, Buttrey type M, and late h-century Athenian stylistic traits stands in marked contrast to Sabaean coinage, which was based on the pi-style prototype exclusively. ese stylistic traits provide one of the few clues for dating the coins, as discussed in the Conclusions below. e non-use of the Qatabanian Royal monogram on some issues, e.g., QI.A, QI.B, and QIII, and the occasional use of additional symbols or letters on other issues, e.g., QI.D, QII.C, and QIV.B, might be indicative of changes in the administration or purpose of the coinage. But we do not have enough additional information at this stage to posit, for example, that the earliest issues of the series bore no marks, which were later introduced to distinguish, in the case of the royal monogram, Qatabanian issues from Sabaean, or to distinguish, in the case of the additional letters and symbols, successive issues from one another for administrative and other purposes. Finally, like their Athenian prototypes, Qatabanian coins of all denominations favor a die axis of – degrees; this also stands in marked contrast to the Sabaean issues, which have die axes that are less consistent (see Table ). Table : Qatabanian Die Axes Die Axis I. Tetradrachm (n= ) Number (n) Proportion of n II. Didrachm (n= ) III. Drachm (n= ) . For a recent discussion of the Buttrey types see Anderson and van Alfen ( : – ). Note, however, that while most of the didrachms share the Buttrey type M characteristics, there are some, e.g., QII.B O (Appendix , no. ), that appear to have both the frontal eye and pi-style ornament. XI. Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages 261 Table : Qatabanian Die Axes, continued Die Axis IV. Hemidrachm (n= ) Number (n) Proportion of n V. Tritartemorion (n= ) .B: e Qatabanian Weight Standard In the Attic-Euboic weight standard that the Athenians employed in the sixth through fourth centuries BCE, the ideal weight of the tetradrachm was c. . g; drachms c. . g, and obols (six to a drachm) . g, although in practice these weights were slightly lower. As Figures – indicate, the weights of all the Qatabanian issues fall well below the Athenian marks, making it unlikely that it was the Attic-Euboic standard that was targeted in the production of these coins. e weight of the Qatabanian tetradrachms tend towards c. . g (about o the ideal Athenian mark), a mark which is, however, closely aligned with the weights of many imitation owls produced in the ancient Levant and Egypt. e discrepancy between the weights of the Qatabanian denominations and their Athenian counterparts grows still greater the farther we move down the denominational chain: the didrachms at c. . g are o ; the drachms at c. . g are nearly o ; and the hemidrachms at c. . g are nearly o the mark. Parsing the weights of the subtypes (e.g., QI.A, QI.B, etc.; see Table ) reveals slight uctuations between each, but given the small number of samples in the data set it is impossible to say if these observations re ect deliberate changes in the standard. e signi cance, or even indigenous name of this c. . g standard in the ancient Near East has yet to be discovered. Bivar ( : ) concluded that the standard was a Babylonian shekel (c. . g) that when doubled would provide a near-tetradrachm equivalent of c. . g. However, given the multitude of indigenous shekels in the Levant, e.g., Edomite ( . g), Judean ( . g), Samarian ( . g), Philistian ( . g), and Phoenician ( . – . g) it is far from clear why a doubled “Babylonian” shekel would achieve prominence in the region, particularly when no coinage was produced in Babylonia until a er the Macedonian onslaught. e super cial relationship between this standard and the Athenian may have aided the circulation of Athenian coins and their locally produced imitations in the Near East, but we cannot be certain that both types of coins—higher weight Athenian coins and lower weight imitations—traded at par. In any event, the Qatabanians appear to have aligned their weight standard with one originating far to the north, which no doubt would have aided them in transactions with peoples in or from the Levant, if this was desired. . For an overview of the Athenian weight standard in the later fourth century see Anderson and van Alfen ( : – ). . See van Alfen ( ; ); and Anderson and van Alfen ( ). . Note also that the Qatabanian and Athenian denominational systems were not identical; the Athenian system employed duodecimal units, e.g., the obol (e.g., obols = drachm), while the Qatabanian simply employed halves. e Qatabanians also employed a “didrachm,” a denomination that had not been produced in Athens since the early h century, and a “tritartemorion,” an unusual denomination even in Athens, which in South Arabia was probably the half of the as yet unattested quarter-drachm. . Tal ( ) provides an overview of the various shekels used in Levantine coin production in the fourth century BCE. 262 Number of specimens 3 Number of specimens Number of specimens 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 3 6 9 0 1 2 3. 80 7. 14 .0 014 .2 4 9 4 9 4 .4 .7 .9 .2 9 15 15 16 16 16 16 17 .5 .7 .0 .2 .5 .7 .0 14 14 14 15 .4 050505015 15 16 16 16 16 17 505015 .2 .5 .7 .0 14 14 14 15 15 .2 5- -3 3. 85 .8 3. -3 4 15 90 .8 Figure : Qatabanian drachm weights 40 3. 95 -3 9 .9 4 Weight in grams P -3 4. .99 00 -4 4. .04 05 -4 4. .09 10 -4 4. .14 15 -4 4. .19 20 -4 .2 4 Number of specimens G. 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 Weight in grams 1. .7 .9 .2 .4 .7 .9 .2 Weight in grams 70 4 A -1 1. Figure : Qatabanian tetradrachm weights Figure : Qatabanian didrachm weights 75 .7 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 -1 1. 80 .7 9 -1 1. 85 .8 4 -1 Figure : Qatabanian hemidrachm weights Weight in grams 1. 90 .8 9 -1 1. 95 .9 4 -1 2. .9 00 9 -2 .0 4 30 7. 7.3 35 4 7. 7.3 40 9 7. 7.4 45 4 7. 7.4 50 9 7. 7.5 55 4 7. 7.5 60 9 7. 7.6 65 4 7. 7.6 70 9 7. 7.7 75 4 7. 7.7 80 9 7. 7.8 85 4 7. 7.8 90 9 7. 7.9 95 4 8. 7.9 00 9 8. 8.0 05 4 -8 8. .0 10 9 8. 8.1 15 4 8. 8.1 20 9 8. 8.2 25 4 8. 8.2 30 9 8. 8.3 35 4 8. 8.3 40 9 8. 8.4 45 4 -8 .5 0 XI. Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages 263 2 Number of specimens 1 0 Figure : Qatabanian tritartemorion weights 0.30-0.34 0.35-0.39 0.40-0.44 0.45-0.49 0.50-0.54 Weight in grams Table : Qatabanian Weight Statistics n QI.A: tetradrachm ( . QI.B: QI.C: QI.A-C: QII.A: didrachm ( . QII.B: QII.C: QII.A-C: QIII.A: drachm ( . g): g): g): QIV.A-B: hemidrachm ( . QV.A: tritartemorion ( . g): . . . . . . . g): Mean . . . . g g g g g g g g g g g . . . . . . . Median . . . . g g g g g g g g g g g . . . . . . . Mode . . . . g g g g g g g g g g g iq . . . . . . . . . . . g g g g g g g g g g g is Table presents the mean, median, and mode of the weights for the total number (n= X) of coins of a particular denomination within each type, along with the interquartile range (iq: third quartile- rst quartile) of the weights. e presumed ideal weight for the denomination is given in parentheses. .S e denominational structure of Sabaean coinage, like that of Qatabanian coinage, was based on halves; both coinages shared similar denominational marks on the obverse, and appear to have shared denominational terminology (see Appendix , and Stein [Chp. XII]). Again, for the sake of convenience, the terms unit, / -unit, / -unit, / -unit, and / -unit are used here. It is important to note that this study does not include the single gold imitative coin [ a] discussed in Huth [Chp. VI], nor the (imitative?) bronze issues catalogued, but not illustrated in Sedov ( ). e limited evidence available makes it di cult to assess the role of these coins in Sabaean monetary history. As Huth [Chp. X] notes, the di erent monograms and symbols found on the reverse of many Sabaean coins has the potential to o er, once they can be interpreted and dated, a signi cant amount of information concerning the administrative context within which the coins were produced. Indeed, one hope in undertaking this die study was to nd die links between obverses across the di erent symbol groups that might provide a relative chronology, or insight into the relationship between the symbols found on the reverse of the coins. However, no such obverse 264 P G. A links were found as can be seen in Appendix , the corpus of Sabaean Old Style coinage. us, each of the series with symbols and the one without (“No-Symbol”) must represent distinct series produced under di erent administrations. We shall return to the signi cance of this below. .A: e Sabaean Die Study Table presents each series by mongram or symbol as arranged by Huth [Chp. X, Appendix]; under the heading "Symbol" can be found a list of the denominations known for each series, and an estimate of the total number of obverse dies (D) for each of the separate denominations within each series. ese calculations are useful for estimating the size of a particular coinage and for comparison with other series. What is immediately apparent from Table is both the complete denominational range (unit to / -unit) of the No-Symbol coinage (types SII.A, SIII.A, SIV.A, SV.A, SVI.A) and its comparatively large size. If this series was earlier than those with symbols, as Huth [Chp. X] has argued, the Sabaeans initiated this coining e ort on a grand scale, fully conceived and formed. Table : Comparative Size of Sabaean Coinage n No-Symbol Unit (SII.A): ( / -unit (SIII.A): ( ) / -unit (SIV.A): ( ) / -unit (SV.A): ( ) / -unit (SVI.A): ( ) Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): ( ) / -unit (SIV.C. ): / -unit (SV.C. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): Symbol Huth / -unit (SV.C. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): ( ) ( ) ( ) . ( . ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( . ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . ( . ) . ( . ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) d(o) d(r) R . ( . ) ( n/a (n/a) . ± . . ± . ) . ± . . ± . ) . ± . ( . ± . ) n/a (n/a) n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a (n/a) D . ± . . ± . ) . See n. above for an explanation of Table . . e collected essays in de Callataÿ ( ) provide an overview of the problems of die estimates and quanti cation, including the use of multiples, like , , for quantifying total output within a series in order to generate comparisons and for calculating the approximate mass of metal used to produce the coinage. If, to take an example, we were to assume that each obverse die (“D”) was used to produce c. , coins, c. million unit coins were minted for the NoSymbol series, using over , kg of silver. XI. Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages 265 Table : Comparative Size of Sabaean Coinage, continued n / -unit (SIV.C. ): Symbol Huth / -unit (SV.C. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): Symbol Huth / -unit (SIII.B. ): Symbol Huth / -unit (SIV.C. ): / -unit (SV.C. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): / -unit (SIII.B. ) / -unit (SIV.C. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): / -unit (SIII.B. ): / -unit (SIV.C. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): / -unit (SIII.B. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): Symbol Huth / -unit (SIII.B. ): Symbol Huth / -unit (SV.C. ): . . . n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a d(o) d(r) R D n/a / -unit (SIV.C. ): 266 P G. A Table : Comparative Size of Sabaean Coinage, continued n Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): / -unit (SV.C. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): / -unit (SIII.B. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): / -unit (SIII.B. ): / -unit (SIV.C. ): / -unit (SV.C. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ) Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ) Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): / -unit (SIII.B. ): / -unit (SIV.C. ): / -unit (SV.C. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): / -unit (SIII.B. ): ( ) ? ( ) ( ) ( ) . . . . d(o) d(r) R D n/a n/a n/a n/a . ± . n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a (n/a) n/a n/a n/a n/a (n/a) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . . ± . n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a XI. Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages 267 Table : Comparative Size of Sabaean Coinage, continued n Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): / -unit (SIV.C. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): / -unit (SIII.B. ): / -unit (SIV.C. ): / -unit (SV.C. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): / -unit (SIV.C. ): Symbol Huth Unit (SII.B. ): / -unit (SIII.B. ): / -unit (SIV.C. ): Symbol Uncertain Unit (SII.B. ): / -unit (SIV.C. ): / -unit (SV.C. ): / -unit (SVI.B): . d(o) d(r) R D n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a e following abbreviations are used: the sample size (the number of coins): n; the number of di erent obverse dies observed: d(o); the number of di erent reverse dies observed: d(r); the characteroscopic index: R = n/d(o); the estimated original number of obverse dies: D. As can be seen in Table , most of the series, with the notable exceptions of Symbol , / , , – , , , are represented at most by one or two denominations (cf. also the Appendix to Huth, [Chp. X]). Given the apparent random distribution of preserved denominations in the other series, we may reasonably expect that, in time, examples of the ‘missing’ denominations in each series will be found, the assumption being that each series replicated the denominational structure set by the initial, No-Symbol series. But, because the output of most of the other symbol series appears to have been comparatively small, and given how little we know about the administration of coin production and the economic or political context that lay behind each series, we cannot be certain that this assumption will be in every case correct; some of the symbol series may not have fully replicated this structure, as the rarity of the / -unit coin, which has appeared thus far only in the No-Symbol series, may indicate. e initial complete denominational structure may not have been replicated either because of an absence of administrative continuity in the production of one to another series, or for other reasons: there being a surplus of one denomination already in the co ers, for example, or greater demand for another denomination which then consumed all the silver available for minting. . Other coin producers, like the Athenians for example, did not replicate their denominational structure in full on an annual (or regular) basis, but rather produced those denominations that served their immediate needs; see van Alfen ( ). 268 P G. A Again, as Table indicates, most of the series appear to have been produced in rather small numbers. e unit coinages of Symbols , , appear numerically larger than average, but still this output was much smaller than that for the No-Symbol series. We cannot know if this trend in output was a decision based on, for example, changes in the administration of the coinage, changes in response to economic needs, or if the total amount of silver available for coining was less than it had been before. But, as is clear from the decision to place symbols on the reverse of the coins, the reduction of output probably coincided with deliberate changes in the administration of the coinage, changes that remained in e ect for the duration of Sabaean Old Style production. At present, we can only guess what those changes may have been. If the monograms represent the names of magistrates responsible for an annual issue, for example, then the Sabaean practice would seem to parallel, in general terms, developments in Mediterranean coin administration in the third century BCE, in which the monograms of individual magistrates became a common feature on the reverses of many coinages. Responsibility for the coinage may have included not only direct oversight for its production and a guarantee of its quality, but also the assumption of the costs of production, including perhaps the supply of the silver used in the coinage as a form of public bene cence, as has been suggested the case with magistrates in Athens in the second century BCE, for example ( ompson : – ). Answers to some of these problems could be found if we were able to establish a relative chronology between the individual series, or could anchor any of the series within an absolute chronology. e absence of die links, however, between any of the individual (No-)Symbol series, while it does reinforce the notion that each of these series was a distinct issue, precludes drawing any conclusions about the relative chronology. Similarly, a lack of extensive hoard evidence (see n. ) makes drawing conclusions about the absolute chronology di cult. As an alternative, stylistic analysis may provide some hints about relationships and chronologies, although any such conclusions can only be provisional and must be taken cautiously. In general, none of the Sabaean coins o er a style that would easily pass as bona de Athenian, although some series, notably No-Symbol and Symbol , are closer to the prototype than others. Other series, like Symbol , , and / , are considerably cruder in style, with the majority of the other series falling someplace between. If we assume that most of the symbol series were issued successively rather than simultaneously, the notable changes in style could represent a chronological progression, as subsequent engravers produced imitations of imitations, rather than using bona de pi-style Athenian issues as their model. us the earliest coins, likeliest those with a style closest to the prototype, e.g., No-Symbol and Symbol , would have been produced probably at some point in the later fourth or early third century BCE, when the circulation of pi-style owls was still prevalent in the Near East. e cruder style Sabaean issues could therefore be later issues, perhaps from late in the third century BCE, assuming again that the cruder styles were the result of chronological progression and not, for example, the products of contemporary workshops employing less skilled cra smen. As methodologically suspect as stylistic analysis is, nevertheless, it is clear that many of the No-Symbol and Symbol dies are so close stylistically—e.g., SII.A, O (Appendix , no. ) and SII.B. , O (Appendix , no. )—that chronological (and geographical) proximity in their production is highly likely. Such proximity is not so easy to discern with any of the other series, however. . Because of this stylistic similarity I placed Symbol coins rst under SII.B in Appendix and thus closer to SII.A (No-Symbol). Also note that many of the Symbol (SII.B. ) coins have unusual squared ans, which may be indicative of sudden, radical change in coining administration or circumstances. XI. Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages 269 .B: e Sabaean Weight Standard Figures – present the tabulated weights of the Sabaean coins. In the histogram for the unit (Figure ), the peak occurs at c. . g, a highly suggestive coincidence with the Persian siglos of . – g. Even so, given the extremely limited use of Persian sigloi in the Levant, where the Sabaeans would have had the likeliest exposure to the standard, it seems more probable that this standard was developed indigenously, or adopted intentionally as one that would not easily mesh with other standards prevalent in Levant, like the c. . g standard used for Qatabanian issues, as a means of retaining currency within a closed system in a region that had no local silver sources. Huth [Chp. X] discusses these issues further. As the histograms (Figures – ) and interquartile ranges (see Table ) indicate, the Sabaeans generally produced coins that were close to the ideal marks of . g for the / -unit, . g for the / -unit, . g for the / -unit, and . g for the / th. Although close adherence to the standard seems to have been the general rule, there were exceptions: the / -unit (SIII.B. ) and / -unit (SIV.C. ) coinages of Symbol , for example, are signi cantly underweight, although the unit coins (SII.B. ) are not. In a couple of cases we nd unit coins of a series that are grossly below the mark, for example, those of Symbols – (SII.B. ) and – (SII.B. – ), which are between c. – underweight. In general, however, there does not appear to have been much uctuation in the weight standard over the course of Old Style production (cf. Table ), including, signi cantly, those coins thought to be made of either debased silver or bronze. Table : Sabaean Weight Statistics n SII.A: unit ( . g) SII.B: SII.A-B: SIII.A: / -unit ( . g) SIII.B: SIII.A-B: SIV.A: / -unit ( . g): SIV.B-C: SIV.A-C: SV.A: / -unit ( . g): SV.B-C: SV.A-C: SVI.A-B: / -unit ( . g): Mean . g . g . g . g . g . g . g . g . g . g . g . g . g Median . g . g . g . g . g . g . g . g . g . g . g . g . g Mode . g . g . g . g . g . g . g . g . g . g . g . g . g iq . . . . . . . . . . . . . g g g g g g g g g g g g g As can be seen in Table , we cannot speak of a single preferred die axis for Sabaean coinage, as we can with Qatabanian coinage, although the axes are generally found between and degrees. . ese are SII.A, nos. n-s; SIII.A, no. g; SIV.B, nos. – ; and SV.B, nos. – . For additional (imitative?) bronze types see Sedov ( ). I am not aware of metallurgical analysis performed on these coins, therefore cannot state with certainty that they are indeed debased silver or bronze. Cf. Munro-Hay ( : ). . e larger denominations (e.g., unit and / -unit) indicate a preference for – degrees, but this does not appear to have held fast with the smaller denominations, which vary more widely between – degrees. Number of specimens 270 I. Unit (n= II. / -unit (n= IV. / -unit (n= III. / -unit (n= V. / -unit (n= 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 ) ) ) ) ) Die Axis P G. Table : Sabaean Die Axes Weight in grams A Figure : Sabaean unit weights Number (n) Proportion of n 3.60-3.64 3.65-3.69 3.70-3.74 3.75-3.79 3.80-3.84 3.85-3.89 3.90-3.94 3.95-3.99 4.00-4.04 4.05-4.09 4.10-4.14 4.15-4.19 4.20-4.24 4.25-4.29 4.30-4.34 4.35-4.39 4.40-4.44 4.45-4.49 4.50-4.54 4.55-4.59 4.60-4.64 4.65-4.69 4.70-4.74 4.75-4.79 4.80-4.84 4.85-4.89 4.90-4.94 4.95-4.99 5.00-5.04 5.05-5.09 5.10-5.14 5.15-5.19 5.20-5.24 5.25-5.29 5.30-5.34 5.35-5.39 5.40-5.44 5.45-5.49 5.50-5.54 5.55-5.59 5.60-5.64 5.65-5.69 5.70-5.75 Number of specimens 0 1 2 3 4 5 1. Number of specimens 10 15 20 25 30 0 Number of specimens 12 15 0 3 6 9 0. 70 -0 .7 4 9 4 .7 .8 9 -0 -0 .8 4 0. 75 80 -0 .9 9 0. 0. 85 -0 .9 4 9 0. 90 -0 .0 .0 4 0. 95 -1 -1 .1 9 4 9 4 1. 00 05 -1 .1 .2 .2 .3 9 4 1. 1. 10 -1 -1 -1 -1 .3 .4 1. 15 20 25 30 -1 -1 1. 1. 1. 1. 35 40 1. 5 0. 15 -0 .1 0. 20 9 -0 .2 0. 25 4 -0 .2 0. 9 30 -0 0. 35 .3 4 -0 .3 0. 9 40 -0 .4 0. 4 45 Weight in grams Weight in grams Weight in grams -0 .4 0. 9 XI. Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages Figure : Sabaean 1/8-unit weights Figure : Sabaean 1/4-unit weights Figure : Sabaean 1/2-unit weights 50 -0 0. .5 4 55 -0 0. .5 9 60 -0 .6 0. 4 65 -0 .6 0. 9 70 -0 0. .7 4 75 -0 .7 9 45 1. 1.49 50 1. 1.54 55 1. 1.59 60 1. 1.64 65 1. 1.69 70 1. 1.74 75 1. 1.79 80 1. 1.84 85 1. 1.89 90 1. 1.94 95 2. 1.99 00 2. 2.04 05 2. 2.09 10 2. 2.14 15 2. 2.19 20 2. 2.24 25 2. 2.29 30 2. 2.34 35 2. 2.39 40 2. 2.44 45 2. 2.49 50 2. 2.54 55 2. 2.59 60 2. 2.64 65 -2 .6 9 271 272 P G. A Number of specimens 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0.25-0.29 0.30-0.34 Figure 0.35-0.39 0.40-0.44 Weight in grams : Sabaean 1/16-unit weights 0.45-0.49 .C In basic terms, the conceptualization of Qatabanian and Sabaean Old Style coinages was roughly the same: both imitated Athenian owls and both used identical denomination marks on their obverses representing a similar denominational structure. At times, both also employed additional marks on the coins that served administrative purposes. ese similarities underscore the fact that both coinages developed within the same region. But despite their similarities, two factors make it highly unlikely that both coinages were products of the same administrative or political authority: their weight standards and monograms. Unless both coinages were initiated simultaneously, it is probable that those who produced one of the coinages copied the overall conception of the other. Aside from the denominational marks on the obverse of the coins, no other symbols, especially those that served administrative purposes are shared between the two coinages. Although the use of the royal monogram on the reverse of the Qatabanian coinage is prevalent, this coinage used fewer marks overall when compared to the Sabaean coinages, which may have been a factor of its comparatively smaller scale, shorter lifespan, or simply di erent administrative approach. Conversely, Sabaean coinage is characterized by an abundance of marks and monograms belonging to four dozen separate series, the production of which may have spread across many decades, if we can assume that changes in style indicate the passage of time, and that the monograms also are chronological markers, e.g., each representing a single annual production. Again, as the absence of die links between the symbol series suggests, the Sabeaens maintained a rather rigid division between the production of each individual Symbol series. ere are a number of possible reasons why this might have been the case: . ere was no central Sabaean mint in which serviceable dies of previous series would reside for future use. e corollary to this is the supposition that there were multiple mints producing these coins, perhaps simultaneously. . Whether produced in a central or multiple locations, the time elapsed between each series was signi cant enough to discourage the preservation and use of older dies, for whatever reason. However, aside from stylistic analysis, we have no guide, like well dated coin hoards, to order these series chronologically so cannot immediately say if any are contemporaneous or sequential productions; XI. Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages 273 . Sabaean administrative practice discouraged the use of earlier dies. Assuming the symbols and monograms represented an individual ultimately responsible for the coinage, the dies from his series may have been dedicated to a deity, for example, at the end of his magisterial tenure, and thus permanently removed from service; . e dies in each series were simply used to exhaustion and discarded. Given the current state of the evidence, we cannot say which, if any, of these possibilities is more likely. It is nonetheless obvious that the administration of Sabaean coinage was, based on the number of monograms, rather more complex than that of Qatabanian coinage. Because Qatabanian and Sabaean coinages did not circulate outside of South Arabia, and because so few external coins have been found in the region (see Potts [Chp. III]), our ability to date the coins is limited primarily to stylistic analysis. What minimal hoard evidence there is for Qatabanian and Sabaean coins is also problematic. On the basis of stylistic parallels with the prototype Athenian coinage, and assuming that the style of South Arabian imitators would be keeping pace in general terms with stylistic developments in Athens, the bulk of Qatabanian and Sabaean coin production likely began at some point between and BCE. One unique Sabaean coin, type SI (Appendix , no. ; [ ]), discussed by Huth elsewhere [Chp. X]), is a stylistical exception since it exhibits late- h century BCE Athenian stylistic traits only. Furthermore, at . g the weight standard of this unique coin was not that of the other Sabaean series, but probably that of the Qatabanian tetradrachms (QI.A-C). It is possible therefore that this unique tetradrachm is representative of another, perhaps small and short-lived Sabaean series that was produced at some point between c. and BCE. Stylistically, the Sabaean unit coinage (SII.A) is based exclusively on the Athenian pi-style issues, while the Qatabanian coinage is more mixed, including both pi-style and earlier style elements. e pi-style elements give us a terminus post quem of BCE for both coinages, but the stylistic hybridity of the Qatabanian coinage suggests that it was begun closer to BCE when more of the h-century style owls may still have been in circulation. In the s BCE, as the Syria and ANS Near East hoards illustrate, pi-style owls were reaching the east in great numbers and what few older, h-century style owls there were still in circulation were worn almost beyond recognition. If the beginning of the Qatabanian tetradrachms predates the Sabaean units it could not have been by more than a few of decades; by BCE the Athenian owl was rapidly losing its preeminence in eastern trade to Alexander-type coinage. For the owl type to have become rmly established as the moneta franca in South Arabia, its introduction must have occurred be. ere is possible evidence for such practice from the Greek world; the accounts of the Treasurers of Athena in , lns. – ), for example, list a box containing dies and anvils. Athens c. / BCE (IG II . ere are only four published hoards for Old Style Qatabanian and Sabaean owls, the al-Jawf , as-Surayrah (CH . ), Bagil , and Hureihar hoards. e extreme chronological span of the coins contained in the al-Jawf hoard, however, which range from c. to BCE, seriously undermines our ability to use this hoard for more precise dating purposes; see Huth [Chp. IV]. Davidde ( ) published a preliminary report of the Bagil hoard, recording just out of the Sabaean coins (cf. Huth [Chp. IV, Appendix, no. ]). All of the coins recorded by Davidde were units of type SII.A. e as-Surayrah hoard, with close to predominantly Qatabanian coins, remains the best studied. ‘Abdullah and Sedov ( ) provide an overview of earlier publications of coins from the hoard and a near-complete catalogue; they suggest a closing for the hoard in the second century BCE. Recognizing that, like the al-Jawf hoard, this presents an extreme chronological span for the hoard material (c. – BCE), they propose the hoard was part of a temple treasury. Sedov ( ) catalogued c. bronze Sabaean coins from the Hureihar hoard, but did not illustrate them; see Huth [Chp. IV, Appendix no. ]). . For the Syria (CH . ) and ANS Near East (CH . ) hoards see van Alfen ( ), and Anderson and van Alfen ( ). See as well the bona de Athenian coins in the al-Jawf hoard; Huth [Chp. IV]. 274 P G. A fore there was any serious competition from the coinages of Alexander and his successors. As the example of eastern Arabian coinage illustrates (Callot [Chp. XV]), Alexander-type coinage was in the third century BCE well poised to become the prototype of choice. ere is little reason to expect that the Qatabanian series lasted beyond c. , or even c. BCE given its comparatively smaller production size and stylistic hybridity. Sabaean owl coinage, on the other hand, appears to have been in more or less continual production from before BCE until the adoption of Athenian New Style (cf. [ – ]) stylistic traits in Sabaean issues in the (later?) second century BCE. e bulk of the Old Style coinage with symbols discussed in this chapter was likely produced in the third century BCE, before the New Style coinage became widely available in the eastern Mediterranean in the rst half of the second century. If the Old Style series with symbols were to be spread out across the third century, the low production gures for most of the coins (see Table ) would appear still more dramatic, indicating that a er a virtual explosion of coin production in the late fourth century with the No-Symbol (SII.A, SIII.A, SIV.A, SV.A, SVI.A) and Symbol (SII.B. ) coins, the pace of production slowed considerably, with only a comparative trickle of coins appearing every year or every other year. Currently we can only guess at the reasons for this fast, then slow rhythm of production, or for the reasons the South Arabians chose to began producing coinage when they did (see Huth [Chp. X]). But a slower pace in South Arabian coin production would parallel a signi cant drop in coin production in occupied and enervated Athens in the third century BCE (Nicolet-Pierre and Kroll ). While it is clearly too much to assume that there was a direct economic link between Athens and Marib, it is worth noting that these two communities maintained a preference for Athena/owl coinage, even when the rest of the world, so to speak, turned to the Alexander types and those of his successors. In any event, whether the rhythm of production in South Arabia changed a er the revitalization of Athenian trade and coinage in the second century BCE, can only be determined by further work on the post-Old Style Sabaean (and Sabaeo-Himyarite) coinages. e adoption of New Style stylistic traits in Sabaean coinage indicates that some portion of the ood of the new Athenian coinage reaching the Levant was diverted to South Arabia, where it inspired an updating of the now obsolete owl design. . Here I must clarify that Qatabanian coinage directly imitating that of Athens, with Athena on the obverse and the owl on the reverse, did not go beyond c. BCE. e series with male head obverse and owl reverse, e.g. [ ], as Huth argues [Chp. X], likely dates from some time later. XI. Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages 275 A e coins are listed under headings that include the type designator (e.g., “SII.A”), the South Arabian denomination term (e.g., “’rb‘t”; see Stein [Chp. XII]), and the corresponding type, if applicable, in Munro-Hay ( )(e.g., “CAF . . ”). e terms “(un)marked” indicate the presence of additional symbols on the obverse or reverse of the coin. In order to facilitate the inevitable expansion and revision of these die studies as new coins become available, I have begun the die numbering (e.g., O /R ) afresh with each new (sub-) type, rather than use a more cumbersome, continuous numbering system throughout. us dies O /R under the heading QI.A, for example, are not the same dies as Q /R under heading QI.B, and so forth. In referring to individual dies from this study, it is therefore necessary to include the type designator, e.g., “QI.A O ,” in order to distinguish this die O from another, e.g., QI.B O . Note also that coins with uncertain obverse and reverse dies are here listed under this same heading (e.g., O?/R? a., b., c., etc.) rather than individually as an expedient, which does not necessarily imply that such coins share obverse or reverse dies. e following abbreviations are used: ‘Abdullah = coins from ‘Abdullah et al ( ). al-Jawf = coins from Huth [Chp. IV]. BMC = coins from Hill ( ). Boillet = coins from Boillet ( ). CAF = coins from Munro-Hay ( ). Davidde = coins from Davidde ( ). Davidde = coins from Davidde ( ). Huth = coins from Huth ( ). Klein = coins from Klein ( ). Kropp = coins from Kropp and Hahn ( ). Munro-Hay = coins from Munro-Hay ( ). PC = coins from Munro-Hay ( ); Munro-Hay ( ), appendix . PC = coins from Munro-Hay ( ), appendix . Svoronos = coins from Svoronos ( ). SY = coins from ‘Abdullah and Sedov ( )(as-Surayrah hoard, CH . ). * = die combinations illustrated in the plates. 276 P G. A A Q O S C QI.A. ’rb‘t (bl t)(tetradrachms), unmarked (CAF . . ) Obv.: Head of Athena to r. with pro le eye, wearing crested helmet, adorned with three or two olive leaves and scroll, and circular ear ring. Moustache-like feature above upper lip. Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing, olive spray and crescent moon in upper l. eld; to r.: AΘE vertically. .O .O .O .O /R /R /R /R a.* . g a.* . g a.* . g a.* . g b. . g a.* . g b. . g a.* . g a.* . g a.* . g a.* . g a.* . g a.* . g a.* . g a.* . g a.* . g a.* . g a.* . g a.* . g a. . g ? ? ? ? ? ? ? MMAG Deut. ( ), Gorny & Mosch ( ) Gorny & Mosch ( ) CNG MB ( ) Hess-Divo ( ), CNG electronic ( ), CNG electronic ( ), CNG electronic ( ), CNG electronic ( ), SY, ; ‘Abdullah, [ ]; SY, ; ‘Abdullah, ; PC , Lanz ( ), ; Huth, pl. . Lanz ( ), MMAG Deut. ( ), ; ( ), Ponterio ( ), CNG electronic ( ), DNW .vi. , ; ex I. Johnson col. Hirsch ( ), [ ]; SY, ; ‘Abdullah, ; PC , [ ]; SY, ; ‘Abdullah, ; PC , . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O?/R . O?/R . O?/R? ? ? ? ? QI.B. ’rb‘t (bl t)(tetradrachms), unmarked (CAF . . ) Obv.: Head of Athena to r. with pro le eye, wearing crested helmet, adorned with three or two olive leaves and scroll, and circular ear ring. Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing, olive spray and crescent moon in upper l. eld; to r.: AΘE vertically. . O /R . O /R . O /R .O .O .O .O .O /R /R /R /R /R? a.* a.* a.* a.* a.* a.* a.* a.* . . . . . . . . g g g g g g g g [ ]; al-Jawf Berlin / ; CAF Appendix ; Svoronos, pl. , ; SY, Berlin ; CAF Appendix ; Svoronos, pl. , ; SY, [ ] (ctmk on cheek) SY, ; Davidde , g. SY, SY, SY, ; ‘Abdullah, XI. Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages 277 . O /R? . O /R? . O?/R . O?/R . O?/R . O?/R a.* . g a.* . g a.* . g a.* . g a.* . g a. . g b.* . g SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, ; PC , ; ‘Abdullah, ; ‘Abdullah, QI.C. ’rb‘t (bl t)(tetradrachms), marked (CAF . . ; . a. ) Obv.: Head of Athena to r. with pro le eye, wearing crested helmet, adorned with three or two olive leaves and scroll, and circular ear ring. Some with additional letters or monograms to l. or r. of earring. Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing, olive spray and crescent moon in upper l. eld; to r.: AΘE vertically. Some with additional letters or monograms to r. of owl. QI.C. . On obverse: South Arabian s : . O /R . O /R . O /R QI.C. . On obverse: w : . O /R . O?/R . O /R a.* . g a. . g a.* . g [ ]; SY, ; ‘Abdullah, ; PC SY, ; ‘Abdullah, Berlin ; Svoronos pl., Appendix ; SY, [ [ ]; SY, . ; ‘Abdullah, ; PC , ; on reverse: royal Qatabanian mono; ‘Abdullah, ; PC , ]; SY, ; ‘Abdullah, ; PC , , ; CAF a.* a.* a.* . . . g g g [ [ [ ]; SY, ]; SY, ]; SY, ; PC ; PC , ; Huth, g. , ; PC , QI.C. . On obverse: South Arabian s : ; on reverse: royal Qatabanian monogram ; ‘Abdullah, QI.C. . On obverse: South Arabian t : . . O /R? . O /R a.* a.* . . g g , QI.C. . On obverse: South Arabian letters l and ‘ayin: QI.C. . On obverse: South Arabian letters l and ‘ayin: gram . O /R . O /R . O /R 44. O1/R1 a.* a.* a.* O I . . . g g g 240 [ SY, [ ]; SY, . QI.C. . On obverse: South Arabian letters w and m: QI.C. . On reverse: royal Qatabanian monogram ; ‘Abdullah, ]; SY, ; Huth, ; PC , ; ‘Abdullah, QI.C. . On reverse symbol l a.* 16.82 g V I [338]; Triton XIII (2010), 1348 278 P G. A QII.A. *kl’ (didrachms)(CAF . . ) Obv.: Head of Athena to r. with frontal eye, wearing crested helmet, adorned with three or two olive leaves and scroll, and circular ear ring. On cheek South Arabian k : (Note: retrograde on O ). Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing, olive spray and crescent moon in upper l. eld; to r.: AΘE vertically. . O /R . O /R? a.* . g a. . g b.* . g c. . g a.* . g a.* . g a.* . g a.* . g a.* . g a.* . g a.* . g a.* . g SY, ; ‘Abdullah, SY, SY, ; ‘Abdullah, SY, SY, ; ‘Abdullah, SY, ; ‘Abdullah, [ ]; SY, ; ‘Abdullah, SY, SY, [ ]; ‘Abdullah, ; PC SY, ; ‘Abdullah, SY, . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O?/R . O /R? ; PC , , QII.B. *kl’ (didrachms)(CAF . . ; . a. ) Obv.: Head of Athena to r. with frontal eye, wearing crested helmet, adorned with three or two olive leaves and scroll, and circular ear ring. On cheek South Arabian k : Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing, olive spray and crescent moon in upper l. eld; to r.: AΘE vertically. Royal Qatabanian monogram in lower r. field. . O /R a.* . b. . c. . d. . e. . f. . a.* . b. . a.* . a.* . a.* . g g g g g g g g g g g [ ]; SY, ; ‘Abdullah, SY, ; ‘Abdullah, SY, ; ‘Abdullah, SY, ; ‘Abdullah, SY, SY, [ ] SY, SY, SY, SY, ; PC , ; PC , .O R . O /R . O /R . O /R QII.C. *kl’ (didrachms)(CAF . . ; . a. ) Obv.: Head of Athena to r. with frontal eye, wearing crested helmet, adorned with three or two olive leaves and scroll, and circular ear ring, to l. of which monogram composed of South Arabian letters ( ) and m ( ). On cheek South Arabian k : Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing, olive spray and crescent moon in upper l. eld; to r.: AΘE vertically. Royal Qatabanian monogram in lower r. eld. . O /R a. . g SY, ; ‘Abdullah, b.* . g SY, . O /R a. . g SY, XI. Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages 279 b.* . g c. . g [ [ ]; SY, ; ‘Abdullah, ; PC , ]; Leu ( ), ; SY, ; ‘Abdullah, ; PC , QIII. n f (drachms)(CAF . i) Obv.: Head of Athena to r. with frontal eye, wearing crested helmet, adorned with three or two olive leaves and scroll, and circular ear ring. On cheek South Arabian letter n (retrograde): H Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing, olive spray and crescent moon in upper l. eld; to r.: AΘE vertically. . O /R a. b. c.* a.* a.* a.* a.* a.* a.* . . g g g g g g g g g SY, SY, [ ]; SY, SY, SY, [ ]; SY, SY, SY, SY, .O .O .O .O .O .O /R? /R /R /R /R /R? . . . . . . . ; PC , ; Huth, ; PC , QIV.A. gms (hemidrachms)(CAF . aii) Obv.: Head of Athena to r. with pro le eye, wearing crested helmet, adorned with three or two olive leaves and scroll, and circular ear ring. On cheek letter g (retrograde): Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing, olive spray and crescent moon in upper l. eld; to r.: AΘE vertically. Royal Qatabanian monogram in lower r. field. . O /R . O /R a. . b.* . a.* . b. . c. . d. . e. . f. ? a. . b. . c.* . d. . e. ? a.* . a. . b. . c.* . a.* . b. . g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, ; ‘Abdullah, ; ‘Abdullah, ; ‘Abdullah, ; ‘Abdullah, ; ‘Abdullah, ; PC , . O /R ? ; PC , ; ‘Abdullah, ; ‘Abdullah, ; ‘Abdullah, ; PC , . O /R . O /R ? ; ‘Abdullah, . O /R ; ‘Abdullah, ; ‘Abdullah, ; PC ; PC , , 280 P G. A . O /R . O /R? .O .O .O .O /R /R /R /R . O?/R . O /R . O /R . O?/R . O /R .O .O .O .O .O .O .O /R /R /R /R /R /R? /R a.* . b. ? c. ? a.* . b. . c. . a.* ? a.* ? a.* . a. . b. . c. . d. . e. . f. . g. . h. . i.* ? a.* . a.* . a. . b. . c. . d. ? e.* . a. . a. . b.* . c. ? d. ? e. ? a.* ? a.* . a.* ? a.* ? a.* . a.* . a.* . b. . c. . d. ? e. ? f. ? g g g g ? ? g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g ? ? ? ? g ? ? ? ? ? ? g g g g g ? ? ? SY, SY, ; PC , SY, ; PC , SY, ; ‘Abdullah, SY, ; ‘Abdullah, SY, ; ‘Abdullah, SY, ; PC , SY, ; PC , SY, SY, ; ‘Abdullah, ; PC SY, ; ‘Abdullah, ; PC SY, ; ‘Abdullah, ; PC SY, ; ‘Abdullah, SY, ; ‘Abdullah, ; PC SY, ; ‘Abdullah, ; PC SY, ; ‘Abdullah, ; PC SY, SY, ; PC , [ ] SY, ; ‘Abdullah, ; PC SY, ; ‘Abdullah, ; PC SY, ; ‘Abdullah, SY, ; ‘Abdullah, SY, ; PC , [ ]; PC , SY, SY, ; ‘Abdullah, ; PC SY, ; ‘Abdullah, ; PC SY, ; PC , SY, ; PC , SY, ; PC , SY, ; PC , SY, SY, ; PC , SY, ; PC , [ ]; SY, ; ‘Abdullah, SY, ; ‘Abdullah, SY, ; ‘Abdullah, SY, ; ‘Abdullah, SY, SY, ; PC , SY, ; PC , SY, ; PC , , , , , , , , , , , ; PC , XI. Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages 281 . O /R . O?/R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R? . O /R? . O /R? . O /R? . O /R? . O /R? . O /R? . O?/R? a. . b. . c. . d.* ? a.* . a.* . a. . b.* ? a.* . a. . b.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a. . b. . c. . d. . e. . f. . g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g ? ? SY, SY, SY, SY, SY SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, SY, ; ‘Abdullah, ; ‘Abdullah, ; PC , ; ‘Abdullah, ; ‘Abdullah, ; PC , ; PC , ; ‘Abdullah, ; ‘Abdullah, ; ‘Abdullah, ; ‘Abdullah, ; ‘Abdullah, ; ‘Abdullah, ; ‘Abdullah, ; ‘Abdullah, ; ‘Abdullah, ; ‘Abdullah, ; ‘Abdullah, QIV.B. gms (hemidrachms)(CAF . aii; App. , ) Obv.: Head of Athena to r. with pro le eye, wearing crested helmet, adorned with three or two olive leaves and scroll, and circular ear ring. On cheek letter g (retrograde): Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing, olive spray and crescent moon in upper l. eld; to r.: AΘE vertically. Royal Qatabanian monogram in lower r. field. Vertically behind owl South Arabian letter s2 : . . O /R a.* . g [ ]; SY, Huth, ; ‘Abdullah, ; PC , ; QV. s s ‘ (tritartemoria)(not in CAF) Obv.: Head of Athena to r. with pro le eye, wearing crested helmet, adorned with three or two olive leaves and scroll, and circular ear ring. On cheek retrograde South Arabian letter s2 : . Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing, olive spray and crescent moon in upper l. eld; to r.: AΘE vertically. Royal Qatabanian monogram in lower r. field. .O .O .O .O .O /R /R /R /R /R a.* a.* a.* a.* a.* . . . . . g g g g g [ ] [ ]; al-Jawf [ ]; al-Jawf al-Jawf , MMAG Deut. , , ( ), ? 282 P G. A A S O S C SI. ’rb‘t (bl t)(tetradrachm)(not in CAF) Obv.: Head of Athena to r. with frontal eye, wearing crested helmet, adorned with three olive leaves and scroll, and circular ear ring. Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing, olive spray and crescent moon in upper l. eld; to r.: AΘE vertically; curved symbol of Almaqah in r. field. 1. O1/R1 a.* 16.67 g [159]; al-Jawf 2002, 22 SII.A. n f (units)(CAF . i) Obv.: Head of Athena to r. with pro le eye, wearing crested helmet, adorned with two or three olive leaves and scroll, and circular ear ring. On cheek South Arabian letter n (retrograde): H Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing, olive spray and crescent moon in upper l. eld; to r.: AΘE vertically . O /R a.* . g ? Elsen ( ), b. . g ? Hirsch ( ), ; ( ), . O /R a. . g ? Künker ( ), b.* . g Comptior .i. , . O /R a.* . g ? CNG ( ), b. . g ? Italo Vecchi ( ), . O /R a.* . g ? NAC E ( ), . O /R a.* ? ? DNW .iv. , . O /R a. . g ? Peus ( ), b. . g Lanz ( ), ; Au äuser ( ), c.* . g ? Hess Divo ( ), . O /R a.* . g [ ]; PC , b. . g ? Berk ( ), c. . g ? Italo Vecchi ( ), d. . g ? Au äuser ( ), e. . g Leu ( ), . O /R a.* . g ? Elsen ( ), a. O /R a.* ? ? NFA Summer BB ( ), . O /R a.* . g ? Kürpfälzische ( ), ; Künker ( ), b. . g ? Peus ( ), c. . g ? Kürpfälzische ( ), d. . g ? Hirsch ( ), ; ( ), a. O /R a.* ? ? NFA Summer BB ( ), . O /R a.? ? NFA Summer BB ( ), b.* . g ? CNG ( ), c. . g ? CNG ( ), . O /R a.* . g ? NAC C ( ), . O /R a.* ? ? PC , . O /R a.* . g ? Müller ( ), XI. Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages 283 . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R a. O /R . O /R . O /R . O?/R . O /R a.* . a.* . a. . b.? c.* . a.* . a. . b.? c.* . a. . b.* . a. . a. . b.* . a.* . a.* ? a.* . b. . a.* . a.* . a.* . b.? c. . d. . e. . a.* . a.* ? a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . g g g g g g g g g g g g g ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? g g g g g g g g g g g g g .O a. O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O a. O .O /R? /R /R /R /R /R /R /R /R /R /R /R /R ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Malter ( ), BM - ; BMC, , Au äuser ( ), NFA Summer BB ( ), Künker ( ), Lanz ( ), Burgan .iii. , NFA Summer BB ( ), Auctiones ( ), Berk ( ), CNG ( ), Hirsch ( ), Leu ( ), ; Elsen ( ), Au äuser ( ), Münz Zentrum ( ), ; Italo Vecchi ( ), NFA Summer BB ( ), ANS . . ; ANS SNG Italo Vecchi ( ), [ ]; al-Jawf , Ashmolean . . Gorny & Mosch ( ), CAF, pl. XVI, ; Klein, Au äuser ( ), Elsen ( ), Kölner ( ), Spink .vi. , NFA Summer BB ( ), [ ]; al-Jawf , al-Jawf , CNG electronic ( ), Münz Zentrum ( ), ; Lanz ( ), CNG ( ), CNG electronic ( ), Burgan .vii. , Giessener ( ), Rauch ( ), NFA Summer BB ( ), MMAG Deut. ( ), Elsen ( ), Vienna ; CAF, pl. I, al-Jawf , PC , Davidde , . O?/R . O?/R . O /R a.* . g a.* . g a.* . g a.* . g a.* . g a.* ? a.* . g b. . g a.* . g a.* . g a.* ? b. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ; ( ), 284 P G. A . O /R . O?/R .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O a. O .O .O .O .O .O /R /R /R /R /R /R /R /R /R /R /R? /R /R /R /R /R /R . O /R . O?/R . O?/R . O /R . O?/R . O /R . O /R . O /R .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O /R /R /R /R /R /R /R /R /R /R a.* ? a. . b.* ? a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . b.? a.* . a.* ? a.* ? a.* ? a.* . a.* . b. . a.* . a.* . a.* ? a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* ? b.? a.* ? a.* ? a.* ? a.* ? a.* ? a.* . a.* . a. . b.* . c. . d. . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* ? a.* ? a.* . a.* . a.* . g g g g g g ? ? ? ? ? ? ? g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? g g g ? ? ? ? ? ? PC , Vienna ; Svoronos, pl. , ; CAF, pl. I, PC , [ ]; PC , [ ]; PC , Gorny & Mosch ( ), BM - ; BMC, , Davidde , Berlin ; Svoronos, pl. , Davidde , Davidde , Davidde , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , Vienna ; Svoronos, pl. , ; CAF, pl. I, Elsen ( ), ; Italo Vecchi ( ), Italo Vecchi ( ), PC , MMAG Deut. ( ), ; CNG ( ), Künker ( ), Kropp, Aa PC , Davidde , PC , PC , PC , Davidde , Hess Divo ( ), CNG ( ), NAC D ( ), Spink ( ), Burgan .ix. , ; .xii. , Giessener ( ), ; Lanz ( ), al-Jawf , CNG ( ), Boillet, BM - - ; BMC, , ; Svoronos, pl. , [ ]; PC , MMAG Deut. ( ), PC , PC , Rauch ( ), Lanz ( ) Münz Zentrum ( ), ; Kölner ( ), XI. Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages 285 . O /R . O /R . O /R . O?/R . O /R .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O /R /R /R /R /R /R /R /R . O /R . O /R . O /R? . O /R? . O?/R . O?/R . O?/R . O?/R . O?/R . O?/R . O?/R . O?/R . O?/R . O?/R? a.* . a.* . a.* ? a.* ? a.* . b. . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . b. . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.? a. . b.* . a.* . a.* . a.* ? a.* . a.* ? a.* . a. . b. . c. . d. . e. ? f. ? g. . h. . i. . j. . k. . l. . m. . n. . g g ? ? ? ? g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? g g g g g g g g ? ? ? ? Peus ( ), al-Jawf , Davidde , PC , Künker ( ), al-Jawf , [ ]; PC , MMAG Deut. ( ), ; ( ), [ ]; al-Jawf , BM - ; BMC, , Naville ( ), (BM duplicates) Kricheldorf ( ), CNG ( ) Freeman & Sear ( ), Milan M.O. . ; SNG Milan Stack’s Coin Galleries .ix. , Lanz ( ), MMAG Deut. ( ), Italo Vecchi ( ), Vienna ; Svoronos, pl. , ; CAF, pl. I, PC , Vienna ?; Svoronos, pl. , BM - ; BMC, , Ashmolean . . ANS . . ; ANS SNG PC , [ ]; PC , Davidde , Auctiones ( ), MMAG Deut. ( ), al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , PC , CAF, pl. XI, no. ; Senior ( ), A. . Vienna ; CAF, pl. I, Vienna ; Svoronos, pl. , Munich Berlin ; Svoronos, pl. , BM - - ; BMC, , BM - ; BMC, , BM - ; BMC, , BM - ; BMC, , a and b . Svoronos notes that this coin is in Vienna. However, it appears not to be. Despite the weight di erence, may, in fact, be the same coin as a close comparison of the photographs suggests. 286 P G. A o. p. q. r. s. t. u. v. w. x. y. . . . . . . . . . . . g g g g g g g g g g g ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BM - ; BMC, BM - ; BMC, BM - ; BMC, BM - ; BMC, Italo Vecchi ( ), MMAG Deut. ( ), Munro-Hay ( ), MHP Munro-Hay ( ), MHP Munro-Hay ( ), MHP Munro-Hay ( ), MHP Munro-Hay ( ), MHP , , , , ; ( ), SII.A. n f (unit)(CAF . i) Obv.: Head of Athena to l. with pro le eye, wearing crested helmet, adorned with two or three olive leaves and scroll, and circular ear ring. On cheek South Arabian letter n: H Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing, olive spray and crescent moon in upper l. eld; to r.: AΘE vertically . O /R a. . g [ ] SII.B. n f (units) with additional symbols, letters, or monograms Obv.: Head of Athena to r. with pro le eye, wearing crested helmet, adorned with two or three olive leaves and scroll, and circular ear ring. On cheek South Arabian letter n (retrograde): H Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing, olive spray and crescent moon in upper l. eld; to r.: AΘE vertically. Various symbols, letters or monograms in lower r. field. SII.B. . n f (units), South Arabian letter r: . O /R a.* . g ? . O /R a.* . g b. . g ? . O /R a.* ? ? . O /R a. . g ? b. . g ? c. . g d.* . g ? e. . g ? f. . g ? . O /R a. . g b.* . g ? c. . g ? . O /R a. . g ? b.* . g ? . O /R a.* . g ? . O /R a. . g ? b.* . g . O /R a.* . g b. . g (Huth ; CAF . ai) Au äuser ( ), ; CAF, Appendix al-Jawf , Künker ( ), PC , CNG ( ), Auctiones ( ), Lanz ( ), Hirsch ( ), Münz Zentrum ( ), MMAG Deut. ( ), al-Jawf , CNG ( ), Malter ( ), Peus ( ), Malter ( ), CNG ( ), CNG ( ), [ ]; PC , [ ] Lanz ( ), , XI. Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages 287 . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R a.* . b. . c. . d. . a.* . a.? a. . b.* . c. . a.? b.* . a.* . a.* . b. . a. . b.* a.* b. a.* a.* a.* a.* a.* . . g g g g g g g g g g g g g ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? [ ] Auctiones ( ), Au äuser ( ), Hirsch ( ), [ ]; PC , NFA Summer BB ( ), Münz Zentrum ( ), MMAG Deut. ( ), Cederlind (June ), AG NFA Summer BB ( ), Hirsch ( ), Peus ( ), [ ]; PC , Münz Zentrum ( ), CNG ( ), ; Lanz ( ), ), . O /R ? ? ? ? ; Freeman & Sear ( . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O?/R . O /R . O /R . O /R .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O /R /R /R /R /R /R /R /R /R /R /R g g . g . g . . . . g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g CNG ( ), Giessener ( ), Kurpfälzische ( Hirsch ( ), BM - BM - [ ] al-Jawf , ), SII.B. . n f (units), symbol (Huth ; CAF . i ) ; BMC, ; BMC, , , SII.B. . n f (units), symbol a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* a.* a.* a.* a.* a.* a.* a.* a.* a.* a.* . . . . . . . . . . . (Huth ; CAF . i ) BM - ; BMC, , BM - ; BMC, , [ ]; Apollo (June ), BM - BM - BM - [ ]; al-Jawf BM - BM - al-Jawf , BM - BM - al-Jawf , BM - ; BMC, ; BMC, ; BMC, , ; BMC, ; BMC, ; BMC, ; BMC, ; BMC, , , , , , , , , SII.B. . n f (units), symbol (Huth ; CAF . i ) 288 P G. A . O /R . O?/R? . O /R . O /R .O .O .O .O /R /R /R /R a.* . g a. . g a.* . a.* . a.* a.* a.* a.* . . . . g g (Huth g g g g ? Malter al-Jawf [ [ – ( , ), SII.B. . n f (unit), symbol SII.B. . n f (unit), symbol SII.B. . n f (units), symbols (Huth ; not in CAF) ]; al-Jawf ]; al-Jawf , , , , , , , ; Svoronos, pl. , (Huth ; not in CAF) ; CAF . i ) BM CNG BM BM - ; BMC, ( ), - ; BMC, - ; BMC, - - ; BMC, ; BMC, ? SII.B. . n f (units), symbol (Huth . O /R a.* . g . O /R .O .O .O .O /R /R /R /R a.* . a.* a.* a.* a.* b. a.* . . . . g (Huth g g g g . g . g (Huth g g (Huth g g (Huth g ; CAF . i ) BM BM ; CAF . i ) SII.B. . n f (units), symbol . O /R SII.B. . O /R . O /R SII.B. . O /R . O /R SII.B. SII.B. . O?/R . O /R . O /R . Symbols these coins. . Symbols these coins. and and al-Jawf , BM - BM - al-Jawf , [ ]; al-Jawf [ ] ; not in CAF) ; BMC, ; BMC, , , , . n f (units), symbol a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . [ ]; al-Jawf , Vienna ; Svoronos, pl. ; CAF . i ) ? Paris ; Svoronos, pl. (= pl. XII, ) [ a] [ (Huth – ]; al-Jawf , , , , , ; CAF, pl. I, . n f (units), symbol ; CAF, pl. XI, . n f (units), symbol . n f (units), symbols ; not in CAF) ; not in CAF) al-Jawf al-Jawf g g are here grouped together because it is impossible to distinguish between the two symbols on are here grouped together because it is impossible to distinguish between the two symbols on XI. Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages 289 .O .O .O .O .O SII.B. /R /R /R /R /R a.* a.* a.* a.* a.* b. . . . . . . g g g g g g (Huth g g (Huth g (Huth g (Huth g (Huth ? [ ]; al-Jawf [ ]; al-Jawf al-Jawf , Triton XII ( al-Jawf , al-Jawf , ; not in CAF) [ [ [ ; not in CAF) [ ; not in CAF) Berk ( ]; al-Jawf , , ) . n f (units), symbol a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . . O /R . O /R SII.B. SII.B. SII.B. SII.B. . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R ]; New York Sale XI ( , ] ]; al-Jawf , , ), ; ( ), ; al Jawf . n f (unit), symbol . n f (unit), symbol . n f (unit), symbol . n f (units), symbol ; not in CAF) ), ; CAF . i ) al-Jawf , [ ]; al-Jawf , [ ]; al-Jawf , Huth coll. al-Jawf , [ ] Boillet, [ ] ANS . . ; SNG ANS ;Naville ( ), (BM duplicates); BMC, , BM - - ; BMC, , [ ]; PC , b Apollo (April ), BM - - ; BMC, , Munich ; Svoronos, pl. , ; Hir. , BM - NAC C ( ), [ [ ] ]; al-Jawf ; BMC, , .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O .O /R /R /R /R /R /R /R /R /R a. . g b.* . g a.* . g b. . g c. . g a.* . g a.* . g a.* . g a.* . g a.* a.* a.* a.* a.* . . . . . g g g g g ? . O /R SII.B. SII.B. a. O /R . O /R b. . g a.* . g (Huth g (Huth g *a. . a.* . ? . n f (unit), symbol . n f (units), symbol ; not in CAF) ; not in CAF) 290 P G. A . O /R SII.B. SII.B. a.* . g b. . g (Huth g (Huth g g (Huth . . . . . . . g g g g g g g (Huth g (Huth . . . . . . . . g g g g g g g g g (Huth g (Huth g g (Huth ? – a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* a.* a.* a.* a.* a.* a.* BM BM ; not in CAF) [ ; CAF . i ? - - ]; al-Jawf ) ; BMC, , ; BMC, , , . n f (unit), symbol . n f (units), symbol . O /R . O /R . O /R SII.B. . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O?/R SII.B. SII.B. . O /R . O /R .O .O .O .O .O .O .O SII.B. SII.B. /R /R /R /R /R /R /R [ ] CAF Appendix , [ ]; al-Jawf [ ]; al-Jawf al-Jawf , al-Jawf , NAC C ( ), Elsen ( ), al-Jawf , [ ]; al-Jawf , , ; Malter ( ), . n f (units), symbol ; not in CAF) ? ? . n f (unit), symbol a.* . a.* b. a.* a.* a.* a.* a.* a.* a.* . n f (units), symbol . ; not in CAF) , ; CAF . i ) BM - ; BMC, , Naville ( ), (BM duplicates) Munich Vienna ; Svoronos, pl. , ; CAF, pl. I, Pozzi ( ), ; Svoronos, pl. , Vienna ; Svoronos, pl. , ; CAF, pl. I, Boillet, [ ] [ ]; PC , c CAF . ) , ; Svoronos, pl. , [ ]; al-Jawf Berlin ; not in CAF) al-Jawf , [ ]; al-Jawf ; CAF . ci ) , ? . n f (unit), symbol a.* . a.* . a.* . . n f (units), symbol ; CAF . ) ? ; cf. CAF p. . O /R . O /R . O /R SII.B. . O /R SII.B. . n f (units), symbol a. . g b.* . g (Huth and . n f (units), symbol . Symbols these coins. are here grouped together because it is impossible to distinguish between the two symbols on XI. Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages 291 . O /R a.* . b. . g g (Huth g g (Huth g (Huth g (Huth g g ? ANS ( BM ), . ; ANS SNG ; Naville (BM duplicates);BMC, , - - ; BMC, , , a ), . SII.B. . n f (units), symbol a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . ; CAF . ci ) [ ]; PC CNG ( ; not in CAF) [ [ ] ]; al-Jawf , . O /R . O /R SII.B. SII.B. . O /R . O /R . n f (unit), symbol . n f (unit), symbol ; not in CAF) ; CAF . ai) BM - ; BMC, , ; Svoronos, pl. , ANS . . ; ANS SNG ; Naville ( ), (BM duplicates); BMC, , Vienna ; Svoronos, pl. , ; CAF, pl. I, BM - ; BMC, , [ ] ; CAF . bi) Vienna Vienna ; CAF . i) ANS . . ; ANS SNG ; Naville ( ), (BM duplicates); BMC, , BM - - ; BMC, , [ ] [ ]; PC , d; Gorny & Mosch ( ), ; Peus ( ), [ ] [ ] Vienna ; Svoronos, pl. , ; CAF, pl. I, BM - ; BMC, , BM - - ; BMC, , Vienna al-Jawf ; Svoronos, pl. , ; CAF, pl. I, ; Svoronos, pl. ; Svoronos, pl. , ; CAF, pl. , , ; CAF, pl. , . SII.B. . n f (units), symbol . O /R a. . b.* . . O /R . O /R SII.B. . O /R . O /R SII.B. . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R .O .O .O .O .O /R /R /R /R /R c. . g a.* . g a.* . g (Huth g g (Huth g g g g g g g g g a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* a.* a.* a.* a.* . . . . . . n f (units), symbol . n f (units), symbol SII.B. n f (units), uncertain symbol . O /R a.* . g ? . O /R a.* . g , SIII.A. gms ( / -units)(CAF . ii) Obv.: Head of Athena to r. with pro le eye, wearing crested helmet, adorned with two or three olive leaves and scroll, and circular ear ring. On cheek South Arabian letter g (retrograde): 292 P G. A Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing, olive spray and crescent moon in upper l. eld; to r.: AΘE vertically . O /R a.* . g Lanz ( ), . O /R a.* . g [ ] . O /R a.* . g Lanz ( ), . O /R a.* . g Vienna ; Svoronos, pl. , ; CAF, pl. I, . O?/R a. . g Vienna ; Svoronos, pl. , . O /R a.* . g Berlin ; Svoronos, pl. , . O /R a.* . g ? BM - . O /R a.* . g [ ] . O /R a.* . g [ ] . O /R a.* . g ? CNG ( ), ; Kropp, Bb . O /R a.* . g ? MMAG Deut. ( ), . O /R a.* . g ? MMAG Deut. ( ), . O /R a.* . g ? MMAG Deut. ( ), ; ( ), . O /R . O /R . O /R? . O?/R . O?/R . O?/R? a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* a.* . a. . b. . c. . d. . e. . f. . g. . h. . g g g g g g g g g g g g g ? ? ? ? MMAG Deut. CNG electronic Gorny & Mosch BM - Munro-Hay ( BM - BM - BM - BM - BM - BM - BM - CNG electronic ( ), ? ? ? ? ( ), ( ), ; BMC, , ), MHP ; BMC, , ; BMC, , ; BMC, , ; BMC, , ; BMC, , ; BMC, , ( ), SIII.B. gms ( / -units) with additional symbols, letters, or monograms Obv.: Head of Athena to r. with pro le eye, wearing crested helmet, adorned with two or three olive leaves and scroll, and circular ear ring. On cheek South Arabian letter g (retrograde): Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing, olive spray and crescent moon in upper l. eld; to r.: AΘE vertically. Various symbols, letters or monograms in lower r. field. SIII.B. . gms ( / -unit), symbol . O /R a. O /R . O /R . O /R a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . g (Huth g (Huth g g SIII.B. gms ( / -unit), symbol SIII.B. . gms ( / -units), symbol (Huth ; not in CAF) [ [ – ]; al-Jawf a] ; CAF . ii ) ; Svoronos, pl. , , ; CAF . iii ) [ ] Berlin XI. Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages 293 . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . g g (Huth (Huth (Huth (Huth ? (Huth g g g Vienna ; Svoronos, pl. BM - ; BMC, , ; not in CAF) [ [ [ ] ]; al-Jawf ] , ; not in CAF) ; not in CAF) ; not in CAF) [ ] JK coll. David Wray coll. ; CAF . ii ) [ ] [ ] Boillet, (Huth (Huth (Huth ; not in CAF) [ [ ] ] ; not in CAF) ; CAF . ii) [ ] BM - Munich ; BMC, , , ; CAF, pl. I, SIII.B. . gms ( / -unit), symbol SIII.B. . gms ( / -unit), symbol SIII.B. . gms ( / -unit), symbol SIII.B. . gms ( / -units), symbol a.* . g a.* ? b. . g a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . g g g g g g g g SIII.B. . gms ( / -units), symbol . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R SIII.B. SIII.B. . O /R . O /R . O /R . O?/R SIII.B. . gms ( / -unit), symbol . gms ( / -unit), symbol .gms ( / -units), symbol SIV.A. tmrt ( / -units)(CAF . iii) Obv.: Head of Athena to r. with pro le eye, wearing crested helmet, adorned with two or three olive leaves and scroll, and circular ear ring. On cheek South Arabian letter t: X Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing, olive spray and crescent moon in upper l. eld; to r.: AΘE vertically . O /R a.* . b. . c. . d. . e. . f. . a.* . b. . g g g g g g g g ? ? Gorny & Mosch ( ), MMAG Deut. ( ), ; al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , Ashmolean . . al-Jawf , al-Jawf , ( ), . O?/R 294 P G. A . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R? . O /R? . O?/R . O?/R . O?/R? c. . d. . e. . a. . b.* . c. ? d. . a. . b. . c.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . b. . c. . a.* . a. . b. . c. . d. . e. . f. . g. . h. . i. . j. . g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BM - ; BMC, , Munro-Hay ( ), MHP Munro-Hay ( ), MHP Lanz ( ), [ ] JK coll. CNG electronic ( ), Lanz ( ), MMAG Deut. ( ), a CNG electronic ( ), Munich BM - ; BMC, , CNG electronic ( ), CNG electronic ( ), BM - ; BMC, , BM - ; BMC, , ANS . . ; ANS SNG al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , Boillet, MMAG Deut. ( ), b Kölner ( ), Hess-Divo ( ), Hess-Divo ( ), MMAG Deut. ( ), MMAG Deut. ( ), MMAG Deut. ( ), ; ( Freeman & Sear ( ), BM - ; BMC, , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , Paris ; CAF, pl. XII, BM - ; BMC, , BM - ; BMC, , BM - ; BMC, , BM - ; BMC, , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , CAF, pl. I, no. ), XI. Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages 295 k. . l. . m. . n. . o. . p. . q. . r. . s. . g g g g g g g g g ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? al-Jawf , Munro-Hay ( Munro-Hay ( Munro-Hay ( Munro-Hay ( Munro-Hay ( Munro-Hay ( Munro-Hay ( Munro-Hay ( ), MHP ), MHP ), MHP ), MHP ), MHP ), MHP ), MHP ), MHP SIV.B. tmrt ( / -units), AE (CAF . iii) Obv.: Head of Athena to r. with pro le eye, wearing crested helmet, adorned with two or three olive leaves and scroll, and circular ear ring. On cheek South Arabian letter t: X Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing, olive spray and crescent moon in upper l. eld; to r.: AΘE vertically . O /R . O /R . O /R a.* . a.* . a.* . g g g [ ]; PC [ ]; PC Munich , , a SIV.C. tmrt ( / -units), with additional symbols, letters, or monograms Obv.: Head of Athena to r. with pro le eye, wearing crested helmet, adorned with two or three olive leaves and scroll, and circular ear ring. On cheek South Arabian letter t: X Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing, olive spray and crescent moon in upper l. eld; to r.: AΘE vertically. Various symbols, letters or monograms in lower r. field. SIV.C. . tmrt ( / -unit), symbol . O /R . O /R . O /R a.* . a.* . a.* . g g g ? SIV.C. . tmrt ( / -unit), symbol (Huth ; not in CAF) [ [ [ ] ]; Künker ] ; Svoronos, pl. , ; CAF, ( ), (Huth ; not in CAF) ; not in CAF) ; CAF . iii ) Vienna pl. I, ; CAF . iii ) [ (Huth (Huth BM [ ] ]; al-Jawf - , ; BMC, , ; CAF . iii ) ; not in CAF) SIV.C. . tmrt ( / -unit), symbol (Huth SIV.C. . tmrt ( / -unit), symbol (Huth . O /R a.* . g SIV.C. . tmrt ( / -unit), symbol . O /R . O /R . O /R a.* . a.* . a.* . g g g SIV.C. . tmrt ( / -unit), symbol SIV.C. . tmrt ( / -unit), symbol (Huth 296 P G. A SIV.C. . tmrt ( / -units), symbol . O?/R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R SIV.C. SIV.C. SIV.C. . O /R . O /R . O /R SIV.C. a.* a.* a.* a.* . . . . g g g g (Huth not in CAF) [ ]; al-Jawf , [ ]; PC , b [ ] (head to l.) Boillet, SIV.C. . tmrt ( / -units), symbol a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . g g (Huth ; CAF . diii) Vienna [ ]; PC ; Svoronos, pl. , , , ; CAF, pl. I, . tmrt ( / -unit), symbol g . tmrt ( / -unit), symbol g . tmrt ( / -units), symbol a. . g b.* . g a.* . g (Huth (Huth (Huth ? ? ; CAF . aiii) [ [ ]; PC ] ; not in CAF) ; CAF . iii) Paris (cast); CAF, pl. XVII, Gorny & Mosch ( ), Boillet, . tmrt ( / -unit), uncertain symbol . O /R SV.A. s s ‘ ( / -units)(CAF . iv) Obv.: Head of Athena to r. with pro le eye, wearing crested helmet, adorned with two or three olive leaves and scroll, and circular ear ring. On cheek South Arabian letter ss (‘retrograde’): Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing, olive spray and crescent moon in upper l. eld; to r.: AΘE vertically . O /R .O .O .O .O /R /R /R /R a. . b.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a. . b.* . a.* . a.* . b. . a.* . a.* . b. . a.* . b. . c. . a.* . g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g Boillet, [ ] [ ]; PC , Lanz ( ), [ ]; al-Jawf , al-Jawf , Kropp, Dd al-Jawf , al-Jawf , CNG ( ), al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , . O /R . O /R . O /R . O?/R . O /R ? ? . O /R XI. Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages 297 . O /R . O /R . O /R . O?/R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O?/R . O /R . O?/R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R b. . a.* . a. . b. . c. . d. . e. . f.* . a. . b.* . c. . a.* . a. . b.* . c. . a. . b.* . a. . b.* . a. . b. . c.* . a. . b.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g ? ? ? ? ? ? ? al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , CNG electronic ( ), al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , Gorny & Mosch ( ), al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , (X ) MMAG Deut. ( ), al-Jawf , al-Jawf , (X ) al-Jawf , al-Jawf , [ ]; al-Jawf , al-Jawf , [ ]; al-Jawf , al-Jawf , [ ] [ ]; PC , a [ ] Vienna ; Svoronos, pl. Vienna ; Svoronos, pl. Gorny & Mosch ( ), CNG MB ( ), al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , (X ) MMAG Deut. ( ), MMAG Deut. ( ), , , ; CAF, pl. I, 298 P G. A . O /R . O /R . O /R? . O /R? . O?/R . O?/R . O?/R . O?/R . O?/R . O?/R . O?/R . O?/R? a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* ? a. . b. . c. . d. . e. . f. . g. . h. . i. . j. . k. . l. . m. . n. . o. . p. . q. . r. . g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? CNG electronic ( ), CNG electronic ( ), al-Jawf , al-Jawf , (reverse encrusted) al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , MMAG Deut. ( ), MMAG Deut. ( ), al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , BM - ; BMC, , BM - ; BMC, , Munich Munro-Hay ( ), MHP Munro-Hay ( ), MHP Munro-Hay ( ), MHP Munro-Hay ( ), MHP Munro-Hay ( ), MHP SV.B. s s ‘ AE ( / -units)(CAF . iv) Obv.: Head of Athena to r. with pro le eye, wearing crested helmet, adorned with two or three olive leaves and scroll, and circular ear ring. On cheek South Arabian letter ss (retrograde): Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing, olive spray and crescent moon in upper l. eld; to r.: AΘE vertically . O /R . O /R . O /R a.* . a.* . a.* . g g g [ [ [ ] ]; PC ]; PC , , a SV.C. s s ‘ ( / -units), with additional symbols, letters, or monograms Obv.: Head of Athena to r. with pro le eye, wearing crested helmet, adorned with two or three olive leaves and scroll, and circular ear ring. On cheek South Arabian letter ss (retrograde): Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing, olive spray and crescent moon in upper l. eld; to r.: AΘE vertically. Various symbols, letters or monograms in lower r. field. XI. Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages 299 SV.C. . s s ‘ ( / -units), symbol . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . g g g g g g (Huth ; CAF . iv ) [ ]; al-Jawf , Vienna ; Svoronos, pl. [ ]; al-Jawf , (Huth ; not in CAF) [ [ ? (Huth (Huth [ [ ] ] ]; CNG electronic ] ( ), (Huth ; not in CAF) ; not in CAF) ; not in CAF) ; cf. CAF . ii ) [ ] [ ] Boillet, ; not in CAF) [ ] ; BM cast , SV.C. . s s ‘ ( / -unit), symbol SV.C. . s s ‘ ( / -unit), symbol SV.C. . s s ‘ ( / -unit), symbol (Huth SV.C. . s s ‘ ( / -unit), symbol SV.C. . s s ‘ ( / -units), symbol a.* . g b. . g c. . g SV.C. . s s ‘ ( / -unit), symbol (Huth . O /R a.* . g SV.C. . s s ‘ ( / -unit), symbol . O /R a.* ? (Huth ; CAF . iv ) ? CAF, pl. XI, ; not in CAF) [ ] Boillet, SV.C. .s s ‘ ( / -unit), symbol (Huth . O /R a.* . g SV.C. . s s ‘ ( / -unit), uncertain symbol . O /R a.* . g SVI.A. ’ys ( / -units)(not in CAF) Obv.: Head of Athena to r. with pro le eye, wearing crested helmet, adorned with two or three olive leaves and scroll, and circular ear ring. Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing, olive spray and crescent moon in upper l. eld; to r.: AΘE vertically . O /R a. . b.* . c. . d. . a.* . b. . c. . a. . g g g g g g g g al-Jawf , [ ]; al-Jawf al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , [ ]; al-Jawf , . O /R . O /R , 300 P G. A . O /R . O /R . O /R? . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O /R . O?/R? b. . c.* . a.* . a.* . b. . a. . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a.* . a. . b. . c. . d. . g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g ? ? [ ]; al-Jawf [ ]; al-Jawf al-Jawf , [ ]; al-Jawf al-Jawf , al-Jawf , Boillet, Boillet, al-Jawf , [ ]; al-Jawf al-Jawf , MMAG Deut. al-Jawf , al-Jawf , al-Jawf , MMAG Deut. , , , , ( ), ( ), c SVI.B. ’ys ( / -unit)(not in CAF) Obv.: Head of Athena to r. with pro le eye, wearing crested helmet, adorned with two or three olive leaves and scroll, and circular ear ring. Rev.: Owl standing r., head facing, olive spray and crescent moon in upper l. eld; to r.: AΘE vertically. Monogram in lower r. field. . O /R a.* . g Boillet, XI. Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages 301 R ‘Abdullah, Y. M., A. O. Ghaleb, and A.V. Sedov. . Early Qatabanian coinage: the as-Surayrah coin hoard. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy . : – . ———, and A. V. Sedov. . Monetnyj čekan rannego Katabana: klad iz as-Surajry. In Scripta Yemenica. Issledovanija po Južnoj Aravii. Sbornik naučnych statej v čest’ –letija M.B. Piotrovskogo, pp. – . Moscow. Anderson, L., and P. G. van Alfen. . A fourth century BCE hoard from the Near East. American Journal of Numismatics : – . Bivar, A. D. H. . Achaemenid coins, weights and measures. In I. Gershevitch, ed., e Cambridge ancient history of Iran, vol. : the Median and Achaemenid periods, pp. – . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Boillet, P. . Monnaies de l’Arabie Heureuse-collection privée. Revue Numismatique : – . Buttrey, T. V. . Pharaonic imitations of Athenian tetradrachms. In T. Hackens and R. Weiller, eds., Proceedings of the th International Congress of Numismatics (Luxemburg), vol. , pp. – . ———. . Seldom what they seem: e case of the Athenian tetradrachm. In W. Heckel and R. Sullivan, eds., Ancient coins of the Greco-Roman world: the Nickle numismatic papers, pp. – . Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. Carter, G. F. . A simpli ed method for calculating the original number of dies from die link statistics. American Numismatic Society Museum Notes : – . Callataÿ, F. de. . Quanti cations et numismatique antique: choix d’articles ( – ). Collection Moneta. Davidde, B. . Observations on coins from the Bagil hoard. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy : – . ———. . ree unpublished collections of South Arabian coins. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy . : – . Hill, G. F. . British Museum Catalogue of Greek coins. Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia. London (Reprint Bologna ). Huth, M. . An important hoard of early South Arabian coins from the Kingdom of Qataban. Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau : – . Klein, D. . Sammlung von griechischen Kleinsilbermünzen und Bronzen. Nomismata . Milan: Ennerre. Kroll, J. H. . e re-striking of Athenian silver coinage in the mid fourth century BC. Hesperia. Kropp, M., and W. Hahn. . Letters on the cheek of Athena: the denominations of the Sabaean sigloi and their numerical signs. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies : – . Munro-Hay, S. . Coins of Ancient South Arabia. Numismatic Chronicle : – . ———. . Coins of Ancient South Arabia, II. Numismatic Chronicle : – . ———. . South Arabian coins in a private collection (PC ). Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy . : – . ———. . Coinage of Arabia Felix: the pre-Islamic coinage of the Yemen. Nomismata . Munich. Nicolet-Pierre, H., and J. Kroll. . Athenian tetradrachm coinage of the third century B.C. American Journal of Numismatics : – . Sedov, A. V. . Monetij Drevnego Hadramauta. Moscow. Svoronos, J. N. . Les monnaies d’Athènes. Munich. Tal, O. . Coin denominations and weight standards in fourth century BCE Palestine. Israel Numismatic Research : – . ompson, M. . e new style silver coinage of Athens. New York: e American Numismatic Society. van Alfen, P. G. . e “owls” from the Iraq hoard. American Journal of Numismatics : – . ———. . e ‘owls’ from the Syria hoard with a review of pre-Macedonian coinage in Egypt. American Journal of Numismatics : – . ———. . Ancient imitative and counterfeit coinage in context. In Z. Archibald, J. Davies, and V. Gabrielsen, eds., Making, moving, and managing: the new world of ancient economies, – BC, pp. – . London: Oxbow. ———. . Hatching owls: Athenian public nance and the regulation of coin production. In F. de Callataÿ, and E. Lo Cascio, eds., Quantifying monetary supplies in the Greco-Roman world, pp. – . (Pragmateiai ) Bari. Plate  qi.a Die Study of the Earliest Qatabanian Coinages             qi.b             van Alfen, Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages Plate        qi.c. qi.c. qi.c.       qi.c. qi.c. qi.c. qi.c. qi.c.       qi.c. qii.a         van Alfen, Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages Plate  qii.b         qii.c qiii qiv.a                                     qiv.b           qv      van Alfen, Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages Plate  Die Study of the Earliest Sabaean Coinages si sii.a          a  a              a      a          a    van Alfen, Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages Plate                a                               van Alfen, Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages Plate                    sii.a. sii.b.                   sii.b. sii.b.          van Alfen, Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages Plate  sii.b.          sii.b. sii.b. sii.b.         sii.b. sii.b.         sii.b. sii.b. sii.b. sii.b.          sii.b. sii.b. sii.b. sii.b. sii.b.         van Alfen, Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages Plate          sii.b. sii.b. sii.b. sii.b. sii.b.    a      sii.b.         sii.b. sii.b.          sii.b. sii.b. sii.b. sii.b. sii.b. sii.b. sii.b.          van Alfen, Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages Plate  sii.b. sii.b.          sii.b. siii.a                        siii.b. siii.b. siii.b. siii.b. siii.b. siii.b.    a        siii.b. siii.b. siii.b. siii.b. siii.b.           siv.a               van Alfen, Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages Plate               siv.b siv.c. siv.c. siv.c. siv.c. siv.c. siv.c. siv.c. siv.c.             siv.c. siv.c. siv.c. siv.c. siv.c. siv.c. sv.a                                              sv.b                 sv.c. sv.c. sv.c. sv.c. sv.c. sv.c. sv.c. sv.c. sv.c. sv.c. svi.a                 svi.b            van Alfen, Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages