Important Additions to the Corpus of Nabataean Coins since 1990 more

Coinage of the Caravan Kingdoms Studies in Ancient Arabian Monetization edited by Martin Huth and Peter G. van Alfen NUMISMATIC STUDIES 25 THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY NEW YORK 2010 00Frontmatter.indd 3 12/28/10 9:30 PM © 2010 The American Numismatic Society ISSN 051-7404-x ISBN 978–0–89722–312–6 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Coinage of the caravan kingdoms : studies in ancient Arabian monetization / edited by Martin Huth and Peter G. van Alfen. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-89722-312-6 (alk. paper) 1. Coins, Ancient--Arabian Peninsula. 2. Coins, Arab--Arabian Peninsula--History--To 1500. 3. Arabian Peninsula--Antiquities. 4. Arabian Peninsula--Economic conditions. 5. Coinage--Arabian Peninsula-History--To 1500. 6. Monetary policy--Arabian Peninsula--History--To 1500. 7. Arabian Peninsula-Economic policy. I. Huth, Martin. II. Van Alfen, Peter G. CJ1397.C65 2010 737.4995302--dc22 2010036135 Printed in China 00Frontmatter.indd 4 12/28/10 9:30 PM Contents Preface I. Martin Huth and Peter G. van Alfen. Introduction vi 1 Arabian Coinage: Background and Common Aspects II. D. T. Potts. The Arabian Peninsula, 600 BCE to 600 CE III. D. T. Potts. The Circulation of Foreign Coins within Arabia and of Arabian Coins outside the Peninsula in the Pre-Islamic Era IV. Martin Huth. Monetary Circulation in South West Arabia between the Fourth and Second Centuries BCE: The al-Jawf Hoards of 2001 and 2002 V. Martin Huth. Gods and Kings: On the Imagery of Arabian Coinage VI. Martin Huth. The Gold Coins 27 65 83 107 125 The Levantine coast and Northern Arabia VII. Wolfgang Fischer-Bossert. Notes on the Coinages of the Philistian Cities VIII. Oliver Hoover and Rachel Barkay. Important Additions to the Corpus of Nabataean Coins since 1990 IX. Martin Huth. Some Nabataean Questions Reconsidered 133 197 213 Western and Southern Arabia X. Martin Huth. Athenian Imitations from Arabia XI. Peter G. van Alfen. Die Studies of the Earliest Qatabanian and Sabaean Coinages XII. Peter Stein. The Monetary Terminology of Ancient South Arabia in Light of New Epigraphic Evidence XIII. Martin Huth and Peter Stein. The So-Called Cursive Legend Reconsidered XIV. Christian Robin. Ḥimyarite Kings on Coinage 227 257 303 345 357 Eastern Arabia XV. Olivier Callot. A New Chronology for the Arabian Alexanders XVI. Michael C. A. Macdonald. The ‘Abiel’ Coins of Eastern Arabia: A Study of the Aramaic Legends XVII. Peter G. van Alfen. A Die Study of the ‘Abiel’ Coinage of Eastern Arabia Indices Plates 383 403 549 595 Coinage of the Caravan Kingdoms, pp. 197–212 © 2010 The American Numismatic Society VIII Important Additions to the Corpus of Nabataean Coins Since 1990 Plates 17–18 Oliver D. Hoover and Rachel Barkay* Introduction In 1990, Karl Schmitt-Korte published a long overdue and much needed addendum and corrigendum to Ya’akov Meshorer’s Nabataean Coins, the standard work on the coinages struck by the rulers of the Nabataean Arabs.1 Study and discoveries made in the fifteen years between these publications allowed Schmitt-Korte to add 85 new types and variants to Meshorer’s original corpus of some 164 specimens. The twenty years that have now elapsed since Schmitt-Korte’s update appeared in print have seen even more dramatic discoveries and advances in our understanding of Nabataean coinage. As the number of previously unknown types and variants has substantially increased since 1990 it seemed useful to offer a new update to the Nabataean corpus in the context of Coinage of the Caravan Kingdoms. A comprehensive study of Nabataean coinage is currently being prepared by Rachel Barkay. Proto-Nabataean Coins Bronze Obv.: Head of Athena r. wearing crested Corinthian helmet. Rev.: Nike standing l., holding wreath. Crescent above Λ to l. 1.  21.7 mm, 4.78 g. Overstruck on issue of Ptolemy? Hendin 1. 2.  17.8 mm, 4.26 g. Overstruck on issue of Ptolemy I or II. Hendin 5. * The authors are grateful to Peter van Alfen and Martin Huth for the invitation to contribute this paper to the volume. Thanks are also due to Catharine Lorber for her assistance in identifying Ptolemaic host coins as well as to David Hendin and J.B. Silver for sharing new material in their personal collections. 1. Meshorer (1975); Schmitt-Korte (1990: 105–131). 197 08HooverBarkay.indd 197 12/28/10 9:36 PM 198 Oliver D. Hoover and Rachel Barkay 3.  18.1 mm, 4.61 g. Overstruck on issue of Ptolemy II or III . Svoronos (1904: no. 763); Hendin 6. 4.  16.3 mm, 2.90 g. Overstruck on issue of Ptolemy III. Svoronos (1904: no. 711); Hendin 7. 5.  21.9 mm, 8.65 g. Overstruck on issue of Ptolemy II. Svoronos (1904: no. 763); Hendin 13. 6.  15 mm, 2.54 g. Overstruck on issue of Ptolemy III. Svoronos (1904: no. 969); J. B. Silver coll. 1. 7.  16 mm, 3.62 g. Overstruck on issue of Ptolemy I or II. J. B. Silver coll. 2. 8.  20 mm, 6.7 g. Overstruck on issue of Ptolemy II or III. J. B. Silver coll. 3. 9.  19 mm, 3.73 g. Overstruck on issue of Ptolemy I or II. Private North American coll. 10.  17 mm, 8.74 g. Overstruck on issue of Ptolemy I or II. 11.  16 mm, 7.07 g. Overstruck on issue of Ptolemy I or II. In his 1990 catalogue, Schmitt-Korte published two proto-Nabataean issues overstruck on Ptolemaic host coins produced under Ptolemy I, II, or III (Schmitt-Korte 1990: nos. 5–6). Since that time, additional specimens have appeared, all of which are overstruck on coins attributable to these same kings. The number of overstruck specimens now known suggests that the examples published by Schmitt-Korte do not represent an isolated incident, but rather a relatively largescale conversion of Ptolemaic bronzes into proto-Nabataean coins. It also raises questions about the dating of the series. Based on coin finds at Tel Beer-Sheva, it has been argued that the proto-Nabataean series should date to the period c. 129/8–104 BCE, with a terminus ante quem of 108/7 BCE at Marisa.2 If the coinage did not begin before the last decades of the second century it becomes very difficult to explain the extensive overstriking of early Ptolemaic coins. In the years following the conquest of Ptolemaic Coele Syria by the Seleucid king Antiochus III, the Ptolemaic coins in the region were gradually demonetized and replaced by Seleucid money.3 Although some of the earlier coinage certainly survived demonetization and recoining (Hoover 2010), it seems highly improbable that large stockpiles of the coins of the first three Ptolemies would have been available in the late second century BCE. Even if they were available, it is odd that they should have been singled out for overstriking when contemporary Seleucid coins would have been more plentiful as potential hosts. The apparent freshness of the Ptolemaic undertypes also seems to tell against overstriking at the end of the second century. These difficulties are avoided if the end of the second century BCE is taken as the last period of circulation at Tel Beer-Sheva and Marisa, rather than the entire period of production for protoNabataean coinage. It may then be possible to push back the beginning of this series to the time of Ptolemaic rule in Coele Syria, when one might expect Ptolemaic coins to be easily available for overstriking in the lands of the Nabataean Arabs. Indeed, it is tempting to date the overstrikes and the beginning of the proto-Nabataean coinage to the reign of Ptolemy III (246–222 BCE) since his predecessor, Ptolemy II, is known to have made inroads against the Nabataeans in the period c. 280/79–270 BCE and to have claimed all of Arabia as a Ptolemaic possession.4 However, all references to the Nabataeans and real or imagined Ptolemaic control of Arabia disappear under 2. Kushnir-Stein and Gitler (1992–1993: 13–26); Barkay (2003–2006: 54–55). 3. Houghton and Lorber (2001–2002: 57–58). 4. Diod. 3.43.4–5; Strab. 16.4.18; Theocr. Idyll 17.86; Tarn (1929: 9–12); Fraser (1972: vol. 2: 301, n. 350). 08HooverBarkay.indd 198 12/28/10 9:36 PM VIII. Important Additions to The Corpus of Nabataean Coins since 1990 199 Ptolemy III, suggesting that a change in the political relationship between Egypt and the Arabs may have occurred under this king. On the other hand, recent hoard evidence from Jordan may indicate that Ptolemaic authority over some parts of Nabataean territory did not end until the time of the Fourth Syrian War (219–217 BCE).5 Arab (perhaps Nabataean) allies are known to have fought on the side of Antiochus III against the Ptolemaic forces at the battle of Raphia in 217 BCE (Polyb. 5.82.12). Regardless of whether the break in Ptolemaic rule occurred under Ptolemy III or shortly after his death, it is difficult to escape the conclusion that the proto-Nabataean overstrikes were produced in the second half of the third century and that the coinage must have begun long before c. 129/128 BCE. Such an early date would account not only for the use of early Ptolemaic coins as hosts, but also for the typology of the proto-Nabataean issues, which looks to the gold staters of Alexander the Great for its model.6 The Athena/Nike typology of the Alexandrine stater continued to be popular for Greek gold into the third century, but largely fades away in the second century BCE, replaced by various personal, dynastic, and civic types. In personal correspondence, Catharine Lorber has suggested that a bronze series of Antiochus III (SC 1095) might have served as the prototype for the proto-Nabataean series. However, the hairstyle of Athena and the form of her Corinthian helmet, as well as the stiff pose of Nike evoke the Alexandrine stater much more than the bronze coinage of Antiochus III. On the other hand, the following new coin, which replaces the usual head of Athena with an apparent portrait of Aretas III, makes it clear that the proto-Nabataean series continued in production at least into the early 80s BCE. Moreover, it also removes any lingering doubt that there may be about whether the proto-Nabataean coins are truly Nabataean.7 Aretas III (87–62 BCE) Bronze Obv.: Diademed head of Aretas III r. Rev.: Nike standing l., holding wreath. Crescent above Λ to l. 12.  16 mm, 3.69 g. Hendin 15. Malichus I (60–30 BCE) Since Karl Schmitt-Korte produced his update to the Nabataean corpus in 1990, three new didrachms (half shekels) and three new drachms (shekels) have appeared, thereby quadrupling the number of didrachms and tripling the drachms known for this king.8 Silver Didrachms (Half Shekels) Obv.: Diademed and laureate head of Malichus I r. 8 behind head. Rev.: ‫( מלכו מלכא מלר נבטו‬Melko the King, King of the Nabataeans). Eagle standing l. 111500 ‫שנת‬ (year 28 [33/2 BCE]) across fields. 13.  19.5–23.5 mm, 6.30 g. Bank of Israel 1–828; Barkay (2006: no. 2). 14.  22 mm, 6.89 g; Barkay (2006: no. 2a). 5. Catharine Lorber (personal correspondence). 6. Hoover (2006: 109–110). 7. As the coins are anepigraphic the attribution to the Nabataeans was based primarily on their findspots in and around Nabataean settlements. 8. Barkay (2006: 99–100). For a discussion of Nos. 13–14 and 16, see Huth [Chp. IX]. 08HooverBarkay.indd 199 12/28/10 9:36 PM 200 Oliver D. Hoover and Rachel Barkay Silver Drachms (Quarter Shekels) Obv.: Diademed head of Malichus I r.; dotted border. Rev.: ‫( מלכו מלכא מלר נבטו‬Melko the King, King of the Nabataeans). Eagle standing l. Regnal year date LKς (year 26 [35/4 BCE]) to r.; dotted border. 15.  15–16 mm, 3.53 g. Israel Museum 14303; Barkay (2006: no. 1). Obv.: Diademed and laureate head of Malichus I r. 8 behind head. Rev.: ‫( מלכו מלכא מלר נבטו‬Melko the King, King of the Nabataeans). Eagle standing l. Regnal year date 111500 ‫(שנת‬year 28 [33/2 BCE]) across fields. 16.  15 mm, 3.09 g. [46] Bronze Obv.: Diademed head of Malichus I r.; dotted border. Countermark (palm branch?) on neck. Rev.: ‫( מלכו מלכא מלר נבטו‬Melko the King, King of the Nabataeans). Open palm of hand with six fingers. Regnal date 111500 ‫( שנת‬year 28 [33/2 BCE]) across fields; dotted border. 17.  17.1 mm, 2.88 g. Hendin 20; Meshorer (1975: no. 19) (with five fingers). Although this coin is a known type, it is notable as the earliest example of a Nabataean bronze issue with a countermark. Unfortunately, the details of the countermark type are unclear, making it difficult to identify the authority responsible for its application or to speculate regarding its purpose. Obodas III (30–9 BCE) Like the silver coinage of Malichus I, the number of published drachms and didrachms attributed to his successor Obodas III has increased since 1990.9 Four new specimens in addition to those known to Meshorer and Schmitt-Korte were published in 2006.10 All of these coins represent new coin dates, while a pre-reform drachm (quarter shekel) carries the previously unknown reverse type of a dromedary. Silver Didrachms (Half Shekels) Obv.: Jugate, draped and diademed busts of Obodas III and his queen r.; dotted border. Rev.: ‫( עבדת מלכא מלר נבטו‬Abdat the King, King of the Nabataeans). Eagle standing l. -‫ ה‬in upper fields; ‫( שנת אלר‬Year four [27/6 BCE]) in lower fields; dotted border. 18.  18.5–20 mm, 6.14 g. Bank of Israel 1–831; Barkay (2006: no. 4). 19.  17–19 mm, 6.94 g. Doublestruck on reverse. Bank of Israel 1–829; Barkay (2006: no. 5). 20.  18 mm, 6.97 g. [51] Silver Drachm (Quarter Shekel) Obv.: Jugate, draped and diademed busts of Obodas III and his queen r.; dotted border. Rev.: ‫( עבדת מלכא מלר נבטו שנת תבת‬Abdat the King, King of the Nabataeans, year three (28/7 BCE). Dromedary standing l. -‫ ה‬in upper fields; dotted border. 21.  16–17 mm, 2.70 g. Moussaieff coll.; Barkay (2006: no. 3). 9. See the compelling arguments put forward by Martin Huth [Chp. IX] for attributing the coinage of Obodas II (62–60 BCE) to Obodas III. If correct, it then becomes necessary to renumber Obodas III (30–39 BCE) as Obodas II and, as a consequence, to extend the reign of Aretas III until 60 BCE. 10. Barkay (2006: 100–103). 08HooverBarkay.indd 200 12/28/10 9:36 PM VIII. Important Additions to The Corpus of Nabataean Coins since 1990 201 Silver Drachms (Sela’im) Obv.: Jugate, draped and diademed busts of Obodas III and his queen r.; dotted border. Rev.: 11115 ‫( עבדת מלר שנת‬Obdat the King, Year 9 [22/21 BCE]). Diademed head of Obodas III r. dotted border. 22.  16–18 mm, 4.43 g. Bank of Israel 1–830; Barkay (2006: no. 6). Obv.: Jugate, draped and diademed busts of Obodas III and his queen r., ‫ ח‬to l.; dotted border. Rev.: 0 ‫( עבדת מלר שנת‬Abdat [the] King, Year 10 [21/20 BCE]). Diademed head of Obodas III r. 23.  16 mm, 4.40 g. Hendin 21; Meshorer (1975: Sup. 3 var.). Obv.: Bearded head of Dushara/Zeus (?) r., behind neck, thunderbolt; dotted border. Rev.: ‫( עבדת מלר שנת עשר‬Abdat the King, year ten [21/0 BCE]). Diademed head of Obodas III r.; dotted border. 24.  20 mm, 4.52 g. [52]. This obverse type is unique. The thunderbolt and beard suggest that the head is of Zeus (Hadad?). As inscriptional evidence shows that in the first century BCE the Nabataean deity Dushara was syncretized with Zeus, rather than with Dionysus as he was later, the type may be intended to depict Dushara in the form of Greek Zeus (Meshorer 1975: 37).11 Obv.: ‫( עבדת מלכא מלר נבטו‬Abdat the King, King of the Nabataeans). Diademed head of Obodas III r.; dotted border. Rev.: ‫( שנת עשר‬Year ten [21/0 BCE]) on l.; on r., ‫( ורלי‬Hagaru) Bust of Hagaru l.; dotted border. 25.  18 mm, 4.16 g. This unique coin is the only evidence that the name of Obodas’ wife was named Hagaru. Moreover, this is the earliest appearance of the queen’s portrait alone. Previously it only appeared beside that of the king. The prominent place of Hagaru on this type might indicate some important event concerning the queen. Her portrait is very similar to the one which appears in year 16 (SchmittKorte 1990: no 20). Obv.: Diademed head of Obodas III r.; dotted border. Rev.: ‫( עבדת מלכא מלר נבטו‬Abdat the King, King of the Nabataeans). Veiled and diademed head of the queen r. Horizontal date: 10 ‫( שנת‬year 11 [20/19 BCE]); dotted border. 26.  16 mm, 4.55 g. This is the only known type from year 11, and it shows for the second time the portrait of the queen. Unlike No. 18, the head here is to r., as it appears later on coins of years 15 (Schmitt-Korte 1990: nos. 19 and 16 [No. 27, below]). The coin is of a peculiar, somewhat inferior style. Obv.: Diademed head of Obodas III r.; dotted border. Rev.: 150 ‫( עבדת מלר נבטו שנת‬Abdat king of the Nabataeans, year 16 [15/14 BCE]).Veiled head of the queen r.; dotted border. 27.  19 mm, c. 4.3 g. Electronic sale; Barkay (2007–2008: no. 2). This is the third type of silver sela’im from year 16. The other two are Meshorer Sup. 3 with the common type of jugate busts of the king and queen on the obverse, and the head of the king on 11. The Milesian inscription discussed refers to a dedication to Zeus Dousares (Dushara), not an avatar of Apollo as Meshorer supposes. 08HooverBarkay.indd 201 12/28/10 9:36 PM 202 Oliver D. Hoover and Rachel Barkay the reverse; and Schmitt-Korte (1990: no. 20), with the same portraits as on our No. 20, beside the direction of the queens’ bust. Obv.: Jugate, draped and diademed busts of Obodas III and his queen r., ‫ ח‬to l. ;dotted border. Rev.: 450 ‫( עבדת מלך נבטו שנת‬Obdat King of the Nabataeans, Year 19 [12/11 BCE]). Diademed head of Obodas III r. ‫ ח‬to l.; dotted border. 28.  16–17 mm, 4.34 g. NAC 29 (2005), lot 228. Barkay (2006: no. 7). Bronze Obv.: Diademed bust of Obodas III r. Rev.: ‫( עבדת מלכא מלר נבטו‬Abdat the King, King of the Nabataeans). Filleted cornucopia. ‫שנת ארב‬ (Year four [27/6 BCE]) across fields. No symbols or monograms. Schmitt-Korte (1990: no. 15). 29.  24.5 mm, 9.67 g. Hendin 19. 30.  22.5 mm, 10 g. Electronic sale; Barkay (2007–2008: no. 1). 31.  25 mm, 9.97 g. [56] The date on Nos. 24–25 is clearly year four. Schmitt-Korte no. 15 is a similar coin but in a worn condition and thus an unclear date (tentatively dated to year 6). Schmitt-Korte attributed the type to Obodas III with the caveat that the portrait bears some greater resemblance to Obodas II. An attribution to Obodas III is preferable on the basis of the style of the cornucopia reverse. The crude treatment of the horn and the grape bunches hanging from unnaturally long stems are features found on other bronzes of Obodas III (i.e., Meshorer nos. 24 and 26), but not on earlier bronze coins. The cornucopia type of Malichus I is much more refined in style. It is therefore difficult to see Schmitt-Korte no. 15 or the present specimen preceding the issues of Malichus I. Syllaeus (9 BCE) Silver Hemidrachms (Quarter Sela’im) Obv.: Diademed head of Obodas III r. ‫ ש‬behind head; dotted border. Rev.: ‫ ח ש‬surrounded by wreath. 32.  11 mm, 1.2g. J.B. Silver coll. 18; Barkay (2007–2008: no. 3). 33.  10.2 mm, 1.17g. Hendin 30; Meshorer (1975: Sup. 4 var.). 34.  11 mm, 1.17g. Hendin 31; Meshorer (1975: Sup. 4.). The preceding coins are included to illustrate the wide variety of style used to depict the wreath surrounding Syllaeus’ monogram. Obv.: Laureate head of Aretas IV r.; dotted border. Rev.: ‫ ח ש‬surrounded by wreath. 35.  10.6 mm, 1.03 g. Hendin 32; Meshorer (1975: Sup. 4 var.). Bronze coins bearing the portrait of Aretas IV, but struck in the name of Syllaeus have long been known,12 but this is the first silver specimen to appear combining the portrait of Aretas with the name of Syllaeus. 12. Meshorer (1975: nos. 44–45, 118–118A); Schmitt-Korte (1990: nos. 29–36). 08HooverBarkay.indd 202 12/28/10 9:36 PM VIII. Important Additions to The Corpus of Nabataean Coins since 1990 203 Bronze Obv.: Diademed head of Obodas III r.; dotted border. Countermark ‫ ש‬in oval punch behind head. Rev.: Crossed cornucopias. In fields -‫ ח‬Dotted border. 36.  13 mm, 2.06 g. Hendin 34; Meshorer (1975: no. 42). Although the coin itself represents an example of a known type for Obodas III, the fact that it has been countermarked with the monogram of Syllaeus makes it remarkable. Obv.: Diademed head of Obodas III r.; in field l., ‫.ש‬ Rev.: Two cornucopiae crossed; in field: ‫ ,ש ח‬between the cornucopiae . 37.  13–14 mm, 2.50 g. Electronic sale; Schmitt-Korte (1990: no. 27 var.); Barkay (2007– 2008: no. 4). This is a new variant that differs from the known specimens in that it has a ‫ ש‬on the obverse and the letter combination ‫ ח ש‬and  on the reverse. Obv.: Laureate head of Aretas IV r. ‫ ח‬behind; dotted border. Rev.: Crossed cornucopiae. Monogram 3 to l. and monogram 4 to r; dotted border. 38.  13.5 mm, 2.48 g. Hendin 37; Meshorer (1975: no. 44). This specimen shows missing parts of Meshorer no. 44, indicating the monograms in the r., fields of obv. and rev. Obv.: Laureate head of Aretas IV r.; dotted border. Rev.: Crossed cornucopiae with symbol between the horns. ‫ ח‬above and  below (?); dotted border. 39.  12.7 mm, 1.26 g. Hendin 75; Meshorer (1975: no. 76). 40.  11.7 mm, 1.83 g. Hendin 80; Meshorer (1975: no. 76). 41.  14 mm, 1.66 g. Hendin 81; Meshorer (1975: no. 76). These better preserved examples of Meshorer no. 76 show that the identification of the central object as a caduceus is probably mistaken. The circular tip needed for a caduceus is completely lacking. The shaft of the object instead terminates in a crossbar with two horns. Meshorer suggested that this object might be some type of standard.13 The similarity of the object to the South Arabian letter h: h is perhaps notable. Curiously, the usual Nabataean monograms ‫ ח‬and O have been superimposed over the shaft of the mysterious central object. This new description of the reverse type also raises questions abut the interpretation of the central object on the reverse of Meshorer (1975: no. 118A) as a standard or caduceus. Obv.: Laureate head of Aretas IV r.; dotted border. Rev.: Crossed cornucopiae with spear between the horns. Monograms to l. and r.; dotted border 42.  13.9 mm, 2.26 g. Hendin 78; Meshorer (1975: no.118 var.); Schmitt-Korte (1990: no. 36 var.). Aretas IV (9 BCE–40 CE) Silver Drachms (Sela’im) Obv.: [‫( חרתת מלר נבטו ]רחם עמה‬Haretat king of the Nabataeans, the lover of his people). Laureate head of Aretas IV r. with head ornament; dotted border. 13. Meshorer (1975: no. 118A); Schmitt-Korte (1990: no. 113). 08HooverBarkay.indd 203 12/28/10 9:36 PM 204 Oliver D. Hoover and Rachel Barkay Rev.: 0 ‫( חלדו מלכת נבטו שנת‬Huldu, queen of the Nabataeans, year 10 [1/2 CE]); Laureate bust of Huldu r., with veil, earrings, head ornament and neck ornament; in field r., ‫ ;ח‬dotted border. 43.  16 mm, 4.5 g. J.B. Silver coll. 51; Barkay (2007–2008: no. 7). This is the only known example of a silver coin from year 10 of the reign of Aretas IV. The same type is known from years six and 13.14 Obv.; ‫( חרתת מלר נבטו ]רחם[ עמה‬Haretat, King of the Nabataeans, the lover of his People); laureate head of Aretas IV r. dotted border. Rev.: 1000 ‫( שקילת מלכת נבטו שנת‬Shuqailat, queen of the Nabataeans year 31 [22/3 CE]); veiled bust of Shaqilat r. dotted border. 44.  16.1 mm, 4.09 g. Hendin 118; Meshorer (1975: no. 101). This is the second known coin of year 31. The first one was found in Murabba'at and was published without a photograph.15 Obv.: Laureate head of Aretas IV r. Dotted border. Rev.5 ‫( חרתת מלר נבטו ]רחם[ עמה שנת‬Haretat, King of the Nabataeans, the lover of his People, year 5); Jugate busts r. of Aretas IV laureate and of Shuqailat veiled and wearing stephane with Isis headdress; uncertain two-pronged object between. Dotted border. 45.  16 mm, 4.14 g. [72] This new drachm follows the basic typology of the Aretas IV and Shuqailat drachms16 issued in years 29–32 (20/1–23/4 CE), 34–36 (25/6–27/8 CE), 40–42 (31/2–33/4 CE), and 44–48 (35/6– 39/40 CE), but it is much earlier in date and artistic style. Particularly notable is the clear Isis headdress worn by Shuqailat, possibly serving to assimilate her to the Nabataean goddess Allat. By the first century CE, the iconography of the latter frequently drew on that of Egyptian Isis. The Isis headdress also appears on other issues depicting Shuqailat (i.e., Meshorer 1975: no. 83). The meaning of the two-pronged object that appears above and between the two ruler portraits is entirely unclear. It looks somewhat like a pair of diadem ends standing upright instead of hanging down as usual. Obv.: [‫( חרתת מלר ]נבטו רחם עמה‬Haretat king of the Nabataeans, lover of his people). Laureate head of Aretas IV r.; dotted border. Rev.: 50000 ‫( ]שקילת מלכת נבטו[ שנת‬Shuqailat, queen of the Nabataeans, Year 45 [36/7 CE]). Jugate busts r. of laureate Aretas IV and of Shuqailat. 46.  15–16 mm, 4 g. J. B. Silver coll. 66; Barkay (2007–2008: no. 8). This coin adds a new date (year 45) to the published years of this silver type. Formerly, specimens were only known for years 29–32 (20/1–23/4 CE), 34–36 (25/6–27/8 CE), 40–42 (31/2–33/4 CE), 44 (35/6 CE) and 46–48 (37/8–39/40 CE).17 14. Meshorer (1975: no. 85); Schmitt-Korte (1990: no. 85). 15. Milik and Seyrig (1958: 18, no. 5). 16. Meshorer (1975: nos. 99–111). 17. Meshorer (1975: nos. 98–111). 08HooverBarkay.indd 204 12/28/10 9:36 PM VIII. Important Additions to The Corpus of Nabataean Coins since 1990 205 Silver Hemidrachms (Quarter Sela’im) Obv.: Laureate head of Aretas IV r.; dotted border. Rev.: ‫ ח‬within wreath. 47.  10.4 mm, 1.33 g. Hendin 51; Barkay (2007–2008: no. 10). Obv.: Laureate head of Aretas IV r. Rev.: Nike standing to l., in extended r. hand a wreath with long ribbons. 48.  11–12 mm, ? g. Electronic sale www.vcoins.com. 2005 (Zurqieh); Barkay (2007–2008: no. 6). This unique coin seems to have no legend. The only place that might have had a legend is the upper right part of the obverse, which is partly off flan. The attribution to Aretas IV is based on the portrait, its hairstyle, and the wreath.18 The similarity of the portraits on Aretas’ early coins to that on No. 48, suggests an early date. The closest resemblance of Nike’s appearance is to lead coins attributed by Hoover to Aretas IV.19 We may assume that the lead coins imitated the silver issues. The hemidrachm (half sela) denomination is new for the coinage of Aretas IV.20 Bronze Obv.: Diademed head of Aretas IV r.; in field l., ‫( ח‬field r. off flan). Rev.: ‫( ]חרתת מ[לר נבט)ו( רחם עמה שנת תלת‬Haretat king of the Nabataeans, year three [7/6 BCE]). The queen (?) standing l., wearing long mantle with girdle, raising hand; in fields O - ‫.ח‬ 49.  18–21 mm, 4.96 g. J. B. Silver coll. 30; Barkay (2007–2008: no. 5). This is the only known bronze issue from year three of Aretas IV. The type is known from the late bronzes of Obodas III and from years four, five and six of Aretas IV.21 Obv.: Eagle standing to front, head to r.(?), with open wings, behind ‫.ח‬ Rev.: Veiled head of Shuqailat r.; in field, on r., ‫.ש‬ 50.  12–13 mm, 1.7 g. J. B. Silver coll. 76; Barkay (2007–2008: no. 9). This unique coin shows on its obverse an eagle with open wings. Eagles are known from bronzes of Aretas IV, but with closed wings and in profile (to r. or l.)22 The eagle type is most probably derived from a Roman provincial model, while the profile eagles with closed wings seem to be based on the old Ptolemaic prototype. Malichus II (40–70 CE) Silver Drachm (Sela) Obv.: 40 ‫( ]מלכו מלכא מלר[ נבטו שנת‬Melko the king, king of the Nabataeans, year 14 [53/4 CE]). Laureate head of Malichus II r. 18. Meshorer (1975: no. 48) (year one) and pp. 48–49 (in the name of Phasael). 19. Hoover (2006: 106 and 114–115). 20. The only half-shekel previously attributed by Meshorer (1975: 95, Sup. 5) to Aretas IV, is in fact of Rabbel II (Schmitt-Korte, 1990: no. 83). 21. Meshorer (1975) nos. 31, 33, 35–37, 39 (Obodas III); nos. 55–56, 58, and 66 (Aretas IV); Schmitt-Korte (1990: nos. 53 and 55) (Aretas IV). 22. Meshorer (1975: nos. 88–93). 08HooverBarkay.indd 205 12/28/10 9:36 PM 206 Oliver D. Hoover and Rachel Barkay Rev.: ‫( שקילת אחתה ]מל[כת נבטו‬Shuqailat his sister, queen of the Nabataeans). Veiled head of Shuqailat II r. 51.  14–15 mm, 4.0 g. J. B. Silver coll. 77; Barkay (2007–2008: no. 11). This drachm fills a gap in the known dates of Malichus II,23 it adds the missing year 14, which is the most likely reading of the date. Rabbel II (70–106 CE) Silver Drachm (Sela) Obv:. 450 ‫( רבאל מלכא מלר נבטו שנת‬Rabbel the king, king of the Nabataeans, year 19 [AD 88/9]). Laureate head of Rabbel II r. Rev.: ‫( גמלת אחתה מלכת נבטו‬Gamilat his sister, queen of the Nabataeans). Veiled head of Gamilat r. 52.  12–13 mm, 3.1 g. J. B. Silver coll. 85; Barkay (2007–2008: no. 13). This coin from year 19 of the reign of Rabbel II, fills a gap in the known dates of coins issued by him.24 Silver Hemidrachm (Half Sela) Obv.: Laureate bust of Rabbel II r.; on r. [‫( ]רבאל‬Rabbel), on l., ligature: 1‫( ש‬year 1). Rev.: [‫( שקילת אמ]ה‬Shuqailat his mother).Veiled bust of Shuqailat r. 53.  11.5–12 mm, 1.7 g. J.B. Silver coll. 83; Barkay (2007–2008: no. 12). The legends on no. 53 – “Rabbel” and “Shuqailat his mother” confirm the attribution of the two similar specimens, Meshorer (1975: sup. 5), and Schmitt-Korte (1990: no. 83), to the first year of Rabbel II. Nabataean Lead Issues When Schmitt-Korte published his update of Nabataean types in 1990, there had been no increase in the number of lead types known since Meshorer published his corpus in 1975. The sole example was a head/Nike type,25 which Meshorer had understood as an imitation of the Athena/Nike types of the proto-Nabataean bronze series. However, Schmitt-Korte recognized the obverse type as a portrait of the Nabataean king Obodas III, substantially lowering the date of the piece to 30–9 BCE. Because this was the only specimen known, it was further suggested that the piece might have been a test-strike for a coinage that was never produced. The picture changed dramatically in 2000 when elements of a massive hoard of Nabataean lead coins—including numerous examples of Meshorer (1975: Sup. 1) along with previously unknown types—began to appear on the numismatic market. In 2006, sixty-one examples of twelve distinct Nabataean lead types were published.26 Based on the portraits and the use of types unrelated to regular Nabataean royal coinage, it was argued that the lead pieces were struck as tokens under Obodas III and Aretas IV. Since 2006, further specimens have appeared on the market and in public collections. One of the types originally published as Nabataean may not properly belong to the series. 23. Meshorer (1975: nos. 123–H8). 24. Meshorer (1975: nos. 142–H12 and 147–161); Schmitt-Korte (1990: nos. 83–85). 25. Meshorer (1975: sup. 1); Schmitt-Korte (1990: no. 7). 26. Hoover (2006: 105–119). 08HooverBarkay.indd 206 12/28/10 9:36 PM VIII. Important Additions to The Corpus of Nabataean Coins since 1990 207 Nabataean Lead Issues Obv.: Crude head of Athena wearing crested Attic helmet r. Rev.: Winged Nike standing l., holding wreath (?) Hoover Group A 54.  14 mm, 2.25 g. Hoover (2006: no. 1). 55.  16 mm, 2.80 g. Ancient Coins Canada. www.vcoins.com. Obv.: Uncertain diademed, laureate, or radiate (?) bearded head l; dotted border. Rev.: Winged Nike standing l., holding wreath in r. hand and scepter in l.; no visible border. Hoover Group F 56.  13 mm, 1.62 g. Hoover (2006: no. 19). 57.  13 mm, 2.03 g. Hoover (2006: no. 20). 58.  14 mm, 3.11 g. Hoover (2006: no. 21). 59.  12 mm, 2.0 g. J. B. Silver coll. 92. Hoover originally included these specimens in the corpus of Nabataean lead pieces largely on the basis of their size and Nike reverse type. However, it is possible that they do not really belong to the Nabataean series. The style is cruder than the other Nabataean issues and the obverse type depicts neither a deity nor any known Nabataean king. The left-facing head with a beard indicated by dots bears some rough similarity to provincial portraits of the emperor Commodus (177–192 CE).27 Although Hoover originally identified the portrait’s headdress as a worn laurel wreath, it may actually be a crude radiate crown. The heavily worn rays were misinterpreted as elements of the hairstyle. Obodas III Obv.: Diademed head of Obodas III r., with hair cascading in rows of curls; dotted border. Rev.: Winged Nike standing l., holding palm branch (or cornucopia?) in l. hand and wreath in r.; dotted border. Hoover Group B 60.  13 mm, 2.16 g. Hoover (2006: no. 2). 61.  14 mm, 2.18 g. Hoover (2006: no. 3). 62.  12 mm, 2.06 g. Hoover (2006: no. 4). 63.  14 mm, 2.45 g. Hoover (2006: no. 5). 64.  13 mm, 2.10 g. Hoover (2006: no. 6). 65.  13 mm, 2.18 g. Hoover (2006: no. 7). 66.  13 mm, 1.61 g. Hoover (2006: no. 8). 67.  13 mm, 2.46 g. Hoover (2006: no. 9). 68.  13 mm, 1.94 g. Hoover (2006: no. 10). 69.  13 mm, 1.50 g. Hoover (2006: no. 11). 70.  13 mm, 1.92 g. Hoover (2006: no. 12). 71.  12 mm, n/a. English private collection. 27. See especially the portrait of this emperor on a bronze semis of Antioch on the Orontes: McAlee (2007: no. 650A). 08HooverBarkay.indd 207 12/28/10 9:36 PM 208 Oliver D. Hoover and Rachel Barkay Aretas IV Obv.: Diademed bust of Aretas IV r., with short hair and wearing Nabataean cloak; linear or dotted border. Rev.: Winged Nike standing l., holding palm branch in r. hand and wreath in l.; linear or dotted border. Hoover Group C 72.  14 mm, n/a. Hoover (2006: no. 13). 73.  14 mm, n/a. Hoover (2006: no. 14). 74.  14 mm, 1.42 g. Hoover (2006: no. 15). Obv.: Uncertain bust r.; dotted border. Rev.: Winged Nike standing l., holding palm branch in r. hand and wreath in l.; linear or dotted border. Hoover Group E 75.  13 mm, 1.39. Hoover (2006: no. 18). This specimen was presented by Hoover as an uncertain issue and given its own group indicator (E). However, close re-examination of the piece makes it very likely that it is merely a worn and poorly struck example of the Group C series attributed to Aretas IV. The Nike reverse may be struck from the same reverse die as C15. Obv.: Youthful head of Heracles (Milkom?) r., wearing lion’s skin and with club over shoulder; linear border. Rev.: Winged Nike standing l., holding uncertain object in r. hand and wreath in l.; no visible border. Hoover Group D 76.  14 mm, 2.21 g. Hoover (2006: no. 16). 77.  12 mm, 1.56 g. Hoover (2006: no. 17). Obv.: Laureate head of Aretas IV r., with long curls; linear border. Rev.: Bull charging l.; linear border. Hoover Group G 78.  13 mm, 2.15 g. Hoover (2006: no. 22). 79.  13 mm, 2.10 g. Hoover (2006: no. 23). 80.  13 mm, 1.62 g. Hoover (2006: no. 24). 81.  13 mm, 1.62 g. Hoover (2006: no. 25). 82.  13 mm, 1.50 g. Hoover (2006: no. 26). 83.  13 mm, 1.56 g. Hoover (2006: no. 27). 84.  13 mm, 1.50 g. Hoover (2006: no. 28). 85.  13 mm, 1.45 g. Hoover (2006: no. 29). 86.  13 mm, 1.63 g. Hoover (2006: no. 30). 87.  13 mm, 1.77 g. Hoover (2006: no. 31). 88.  12 mm, 1.64 g. Hoover (2006: no. 32). 89.  12 mm, 1.56 g. Hoover (2006: no. 33). 90.  12 mm, 1.62 g. Hoover (2006: no. 34). 91.  12 mm, 1.89 g. Hoover (2006: no. 35). 92.  12 mm, 1.28 g. Hoover (2006: no. 36). 08HooverBarkay.indd 208 12/28/10 9:36 PM VIII. Important Additions to The Corpus of Nabataean Coins since 1990 209 93.  13 mm, 1.71 g. Hoover (2006: no. 37). 94.  12 mm, 2.14 g. Hoover (2006: no. 38). 95.  12 mm, 1.89 g. Hoover (2006: no. 39). 96.  12 mm, 1.39 g. Hebrew University coll., inv. no. 6607. 97.  12 mm, 1.49 g. Hendin 151. 98.  12 mm, 1.63 g. Hendin 156. 99.  13 mm, 1.83 g. Hendin 158. 100.  13 mm, 1.90 g. Ancient Coins Canada. www.vcoins.com. 101.  14 mm, 1.54 g. Ancient Coins Canada. www.vcoins.com. 102.  13 mm, n/a. CNG MBS 76, Sept. 12 2007, lot 839. 103.  13 mm, n/a. CNG MBS 76, Sept. 12 2007, lot 839. Obv.: Laureate head of Aretas IV r., with long curls and moustache; linear border. Rev.: Bull charging l.; linear border. Hoover Group H 104.  13 mm, 1.66 g . Hoover (2006: no. 40). 105.  12 mm, 1.67 g. Hendin 155. Obv.: Laureate head of Aretas IV r., with long curls; linear border. Rev.: ‫ ע‬above. Bull charging l.; linear border. Hoover Group I 106.  13 mm, 1.81 g. Hoover (2006: no. 41). 107.  14 mm, 2.04 g. Hendin 152. Obv.: Laureate head of Aretas IV r., with long curls; linear border. Rev.: Bull charging r.; linear border. Hoover Group J 108.  13 mm, 1.81 g. Hoover (2006: no. 42). Obv.: Laureate head of Zeus (Hadad?) r..; linear border. Rev.: Bull charging r.; linear border. Hoover Group K 109.  13 mm, 1.81 g. Hoover (2006: no. 43). 110.  13 mm, 1.81 g. Hoover (2006: no. 44). 111.  13 mm, 1.81 g. Hoover (2006: no. 45). 112.  14 mm, 1.81 g. Hoover (2006: no. 46). 113.  13 mm, 1.81 g. Hoover (2006: no. 47). 114.  13 mm, 1.81 g. Hoover (2006: no. 48). 115.  13 mm, 1.81 g. Hoover (2006: no. 49). 116.  13 mm, 1.81 g. Hoover (2006: no. 50). 117.  13 mm, 1.81 g. Hoover (2006: no. 51). 118. 13 mm, n/a. CNG MBS 76, Sept. 12 2007, lot 839. Obv.: Laureate head of Zeus (Hadad?) r.; linear border. Rev.: ‫ אנמ‬above. Bull charging r.; linear border. Hoover Group L 119.  13 mm, 1.27 g. Hoover (2006: no. 52). 120.  14 mm, 1.70 g. Hoover (2006: no. 53). 08HooverBarkay.indd 209 12/28/10 9:36 PM 210 Oliver D. Hoover and Rachel Barkay 121.  12 mm, 1.82 g. Hoover (2006: no. 54). Obv.: Laureate head of Zeus (Hadad?) r.; linear border. Rev.: ‫ טגר‬above. Bull charging r.; linear border. Hoover Group L 122.  13 mm, 1.31 g. Hoover (2006: no. 55). 123.  13 mm, 1.79 g. Hoover (2006: no. 56). 124.  13 mm, 1.82 g. Hoover (2006: no. 57). 125.  12 mm, 1.83 g. Hoover (2006: no. 58). 126.  12 mm, 1.69 g. Hoover (2006: no. 59). 127.  12 mm, 1.47 g. Hoover (2006: no. 60). 128.  12 mm, 1.64 g. Hoover (2006: no. 61). 129.  12 mm, 1.42 g. Hendin 153. 130.  12 mm, 1.66 g. Hendin 154. Appendix: Hoards with Nabataean Contents 1. Damascus, 1968 (CH 2.121) Burial: c. 75 BCE Contents: 5+ Aretas III AE Disposition: Jerusalem, private collections. Reference: Meshorer (1975: 15). 2. Nisibis, Mesopotamia, 1955 (IGCH 1788) Burial: After c. 31 BCE Contents: 623 AE, 1 AR. The sole Nabataean coin in this large hoard is an AE of Aretas III. The remainder of the material involves AE of the following cities and rulers: 1 Thessaly, 1 Gaziura, 1 Amorium, 5 Mopsuestia, 2 Cilician Soli, 11 Tigranes I (?) of Armenia, 2 Seleucus IV, 3 Antiochus IV, 1 Antiochus V, 4 Demetrius I, 11, Alexander I, 1 Demetrius II (first reign), 3 Antiochus VI, 1 Tryphon, 16 Antiochus VII, 1 Demetrius II (second reign), 4 Alexander II, 3 Antiochus VIII and Cleopatra Thea, 65 Antiochus VIII, 40 Antiochus IX, 10 Demetrius III, 7 Antiochus XII, 4 Mithradates I of Commagene, 214 Antioch, 1 Apamea, 1 Laodicea, 1 Seleucia in Pieria, 1 Demetrias-Damascus, 18 Aradus, 1 Sidon, 2 John Hyrcanus I, 2 Natunia, 72 Seleucia on the Tigris, 1 Mithradates II of Parthia, 20 uncertain mints, and 91 illegible pieces. A single plated denarius of the Roman Republic was also included. Seyrig believed that the bulk of this hoard represented plunder carried off from Syria after the Parthian invasion of 40 BCE, however, recent discoveries at Jebel Khalid on the Euphrates now suggests that many of these coins circulated further to the north than was previously suspected (Houghton, Lorber, and Hoover 2008: vol. 2, 211–212). Disposition: Unknown. Reference: Seyrig (1955: 85–128). 3. Israel, 1967 (CH 2.140) Burial: c. 100 CE Contents: 800 AE, including proto-Nabataean, Aretas III, Aretas IV, Malichus II, Rabbel II Disposition: Kadman Museum, Tel Aviv. Reference: Meshorer (1975: 10 and 12). 08HooverBarkay.indd 210 12/28/10 9:36 PM VIII. Important Additions to The Corpus of Nabataean Coins since 1990 211 4. Dahariya (?), Israel, 1993 (CH 9.594) Burial: c. 117 CE Contents: c. 50 AR, including 5 Aretas IV and Shaqilat drachms, 2 Malichus II and Shaqilat drachms, 1 Rabbel II and Shaqilat drachm, 9 Rabbel II and Gamilat drachms, and 11 eastern drachms (Cappadocian Caesarea?) of Trajan. Disposition: Unknown. Reference: Spaer (1994: 268). 5. Murabba’at, 1952 (CH 2.142) Burial: c. 135 CE? Contents: 227+ AR coins, including 120+ unidentified Nabataean pieces (drachms and hemidrachms?), 51 Roman denarii (up to Hadrian), 14 tetradrachms of Roman Syria, and 5 tridrachms, 5 didrachms, and 33 drachms of Cappadician Caesarea. Unfortunately no complete description of the contents exists. Judging from the close similarity to the Near Jericho Hoard (see below), it seems likely that Murabba’at, 1952 was also buried in the context of the Bar-Kokhba War, although the editors of CH 2 give a closure date of CE 118–120. Disposition: Amman. 6. Near Jericho, Israel, 1980 (CH 7.234) Burial: c. 135 CE Contents: 53 AR, including 1 Aretas IV drachm, 1 Rabbel II and Gamilat drachm, and 1 Rabbel II and Shaqilat drachm. Associated with the Nabataean material were 25 Roman denarii (Otho [1], Vespasian [4], Titus [2], Domitian [7], Trajan [10], Hadrian [1]), 1 Lycian drachm of Trajan, 2 Syrian tetradrachms (Nero and Trajan), 2 tridrachms and 20 drachms of Cappadocian Caesarea (Trajan), and 1 Bar Kokhba AE. Disposition: Jerusalem. 7. Paphos, 1985 (CH 9.595) Burial: c. 160 CE Contents: 22 AE in excavation, including 1 Aretas IV and 1 Rabbel II issue. Associated with the Nabataean coins were the following bronze issues: 1 Antiochus IV, 1 Alexander I, 1 Ptolemy VIII, 1 Herod, 1 procurator of Judaea, 1 Caesarea Maritima, 9 Paphos (imperial to Trajan), 1 Phaselis (imperial), 1 Roman Antioch, and 3 illegible pieces. Disposition: Paphos. Reference: Michaelidou-Nicolau (1993: 11–21). References Barkay, R. 2003–2006. Undated coins from Hellenistic Marisa. Israel Numismatic Journal 15: 54–55. ———. 2006. Seven new silver coins of Malichus I and Obodas III. Numismatic Chronicle 166: 100–103. ———. 2007–2008. New Nabataean coins. Israel Numismatic Journal 16: 92–99. Fraser, P. M. 1972. Ptolemaic Alexandria. Oxford. Hoover, O. 2006. A reassessment of Nabataean lead coinage in light of new discoveries. Numismatic Chronicle 166: 105–119. ———. 2010. Northern Israel hoard, 2002. In O. Hoover, A. Meadows, and U. Wartenberg, eds., Coin hoards 10, pp. 227–242. New York: American Numismatic Society. 08HooverBarkay.indd 211 12/28/10 9:36 PM 212 Oliver D. Hoover and Rachel Barkay Houghton, A., and C. Lorber. 2001–2002. Antiochus III in Coele-Syria and Phoenicia. Israel Numismatic Journal 14: 57–58. ———, C. Lorber, and O. Hoover. 2008. Seleucid coins, part II: Seleucus IV through Antiochus XIII. New York and Lancaster. Kushnir-Stein, A., and H. Gitler. 1992–1993. Numismatic evidence from tel Beer-Sheva and the beginning of Nabatean coinage. Israel Numismatic Journal 12: 13–26. McAlee, R. 2007. The coins of Roman Antioch. Lancaster and London. Meshorer, Y. 1975. Nabataean coins. Qedem 3. Jerusalem. Michaelidou-Nicolau, I. 1993. Four Ptolemaic/Roman hoards of Cyprus. Numismatic Chronicle 153: 11–21. Milik, J. T., and H. Seyrig. 1958. Trésor monétaire de Murabba’ât. Revue Numismatique 1 (18): 11–26. Schmitt-Korte, K. 1990. Nabataean coinage—Part II. New coin types and variants,” Numismatic Chronicle 150: 105–131. Seyrig, H. 1955. Trésor monétaire de Nisibe. Revue Numismatiqu: 85–128. Svoronos J. N. 1904. Ta nomismata tou kratous ton Ptolemaion. Athens. Tarn, W. W. 1929. Ptolemy II and Arabia. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 15: 9–25. 08HooverBarkay.indd 212 12/28/10 9:36 PM Plate 18 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 44 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 57 59 60 74 75 76 84 104 106 108 115 121 122 Hoover and Barkay, Important Additions to the Corpus of Nabataean Coins 00Plates.indd 20 12/28/10 10:46 PM