A New Hellenistic Lead Issue from the Southern Levant

Israel Numismatic Research 4 | 2009 Published by The Israel Numismatic Society Israel Numismatic Research Published by the Israel Numismatic Society Editorial Board: Donald T. Ariel (Editor), Alla Kushnir-Stein, David Wasserstein, Danny Syon, Ilan Shachar Text editor: Miriam Feinberg Vamosh Typesetting: Michal Semo-Kovetz and Yael Bieber, Tel Aviv University Graphic Design Studio Printed at Elinir, Tel Aviv ISSN 1565-8449 Correspondence, manuscripts for publication and books for review should be addressed to: Israel Numismatic Research, c/o Haim Gitler, The Israel Museum, P.O. Box 71117, Jerusalem 91710 ISRAEL, or to dtariel@ins.org.il Website: www.ins.org.il For inquiries regarding subscription to the journal, please e-mail to info@ins.org.il The editors are not responsible for opinions expressed by the contributors. © The Israel Numismatic Society, Jerusalem 2009 Israel Numismatic Research Published by the Israel Numismatic Society Volume 4 Contents 2009 5 Editors’ Note 9 EvangElinE Markou: Some Cypriot Gold Coins? 21 HaiM gitlEr and orEn tal: More Evidence on the Collective Mint of Philistia 39 Yigal ronEn: On the Chronology of the Yehud Falcon Coins 47 nicHolas l. WrigHt: Two New Imitative Issues from the Fifth Syrian War (202–198 BCE) 51 olivEr D. HoovEr: A New Hellenistic Lead Issue from the Southern Levant 57 DaviD HEnDin: A Medallion of Agrippa II 63 cEcilia MEir: Tyrian Sheqels from the ‘Isfiya Hoard, Part One 73 gabriEla bijovskY: A Burning Testimony: Two Bronze Hoards from the Time of the First Jewish Revolt 83 garY M. FinE: Coins of Bar Kokhba: The Temple Water-Drawing Ceremony and the Holiday of Sukkot 94 alla kusHnir-stEin: Coins of Tiberias with Asclepius and Hygieia and the Question of the City’s Colonial Status 109 lionEl HollanD: An Unusual Lead Weight of 22 grammata 113 WolFgang scHulzE: The Byzantine ‘Eagle’ countermark – Re-attributed from Egypt to Palestine 121 DaviD j. WassErstEin: Islamic Coins and their Catalogues III: The Ikhshidids 135 robErt kool and WarrEn c. scHultz: The Copper Coins of the Mamlūk Sultan al-Malik al-Manṣūr Lājīn (r. AH 696–698/1297–1299 CE) 145 ariEl bErMan: A Hoard from the First World War from the Area of Beer Sheva 159 nErYaHu a. sHnEYDor: The Inscriptions on Modern Palestinian and Israeli Currency 173 REVIEW: C. Foss, Arab-Byzantine Coins. An Introduction, with a catalogue of the Dumbarton Oaks collection. Washington, D.C. 2008. (Bruno Callegher) 179 Abbreviations Editors’ Note Editors’ Note In keeping with the editors’ wishes — and those of the membership of Israel Numismatic Society — that Israel Numismatic Research be in the forefront of numismatic study of the southern Levant (see Editors’ Note in INR 2), the editors present here the following note.1 In it, the datings of certain coins given in a key numismatic work in the region are improved. In 46 BCE Julius Caesar instituted a new solar calendar of 365¼ days, with January 1st as its first day.2 This calendar of Caesar, with slight later modifications, was destined to become the civil calendar of the modern world. Scholars of antiquity use it — under the name ‘Julian’ and without subsequent modifications — for dates pertaining to ancient history. Other calendars of antiquity had their starting points in a variety of seasons. Therefore, an ancient date — other than pertaining to Rome itself — almost always overlaps parts of two consecutive Julian years. Consequently, when given in terms of the Julian calendar, it must be expressed by a double figure. The earlier figure will correspond to the first part of the local year, from the beginning of the year to December 31st, and the later figure will correspond to the period from January 1st (of the next Roman year) to the end of that local year. It is obvious that indicating only a single Julian year as an equivalent of an ancient non-Roman date would be both inexact and misleading. Most modern scholars are aware of the necessity to indicate an ancient date by a double figure but, unfortunately, equations to a single Roman year are still frequent. This appears to stem, at least in part, from reference works that have inexact date-indications. For the southern Levant one important such reference book is Ya‘akov Meshorer’s A Treasury of Jewish Coins from the Persian Period to Bar Kochba (Jerusalem and Nyack 2001; abbrev. TJC). Some dates are given there in double figures, but many are not. Thus, a few dates for the coins of Herod Antipas, Philip and Agrippa I are in single Julian figures, and so are also most of the dates for the coins of the early Roman governors (prefects/procurators). The matter is aggravated further by the fact that many dates that are given in double figures have an error of one year. Given the extensive use of TJC in modern research, a table listing the full double-figure date indications, and in some cases corrections, for the volume is provided below. It includes all coins of Herod Antipas, Philip, and Agrippa I of the Herodian family, and all of prefects/procurators. To clarify the fact that not all 1 2 Provided by editorial board member Alla Kushnir-Stein. The Romans appear to have begun their year on January 1st from quite early in their history. The system was used from year 153 BCE at the latest: M. Cary and H.H. Scullard, A History of Rome Down to the Reign of Constantine, 3rd ed., London 1975, p. 181, n. 16. 5 6 EDITORS’ NOTE dates in these categories in TJC required such treatment, we have indicated those without change with asterisks. Dates for the dated coins of other rulers in TJC (Alexander Jannaeus, Herod, Agrippa II) are not dealt with here. TJC Cat. No. 75–78 79–82 83–86 87–90 91–94 95–96 97–98* 99* 101* 102–103* 104–105* 106–109* 110–111* 112–115 116–119* 120* 121–123* 124–126 Philip “ “ “ “ “ “ “ Agrippa I “ “ “ “ Ruler HERODIANS Herod Antipas “ “ “ “ 4/3 BCE “ “ “ “ 4/3 BCE “ “ “ “ “ “ “ 36/7 CE “ “ “ “ KΔ, 24 ΛΓ, 33 ΛΔ, 34 ΛZ, 37 MΓ, 43 E, 5 IB,12 Iς, 16 IΘ, 19 Λ, 30 ΛΓ, 33 ΛΔ, 34 ΛZ, 37 B, 2 E, 5 ς, 6 Z, 7 H, 8 19/20 28/29 29/30 32/33 39 1 8/9* 12/3* 15/6* 26/7* 29/30* 30/31* 33/4* 38 40/41* 41/2* 42/3* 43 20/21 29/30 30/31 33/34 39/40 1/2 8/9 12/3 15/6 26/7 29/30 30/31 33/4 37/8 40/41 41/2 42/3 43/4 First Year Date on Coin TJC Date (CE) Actual Date (CE) ROMAN PREFECTS/PROCURATORS 311–312 313 314 Under Augustus “ “ 31/30 BCE3 “ “ Λς, 36 ΛΘ, 39 M, 40 6/7 9/10 10/11 5/6 8/9 9/10 EDITORS’ NOTE 7 TJC Date (CE) 11/12 15 16 17 18 24 29 30 31 54* 59 Actual Date (CE) 10/11 15/6 16/7 17/8 18/9 24/5 29/30 30/31 31/2 544 58/9 TJC Cat. No. 315 316–319 320–324 325–327 328 329 331–332 333 334 340–344* 345 Ruler “ Under Tiberius “ “ “ “ “ “ “ Under Claudius Under Nero First Year “ 14/5 CE “ “ “ “ “ “ “ 41/2 CE 54/5 CE Date on Coin MA, 41 B, 2 Γ, 3 Δ, 4 E, 5 IA, 11 Iς, 16 IZ, 17 IH, 18 IΔ, 14 E, 5 34 3 4 The only era pertaining to the reign of Augustus that is known for the southern Levant is the so-called ‘Actian era’, which falls in September 31 BCE. Formally speaking, the date is 54/5 CE, but since Claudius died in October 54, the coin is most likely to have been minted before the end of that year. A New Hellenistic Lead Issue from the Southern Levant1 olivEr D. HoovEr American Numismatic Society numlit@numismatics.org Abstract The author presents a new lead coin in the Bank of Israel collection with the types of Hermes and parallel cornucopias flanked by stars. On the basis of the types it is suggested that the mint was probably Marathus in northern Phoenicia, although some iconographic questions remain. A survey of the use of Hermes and parallel cornucopias in the southern Levant is included. Over the last three decades, our knowledge of lead coins produced in the late Hellenistic and the early Roman Near East has vastly expanded thanks to the discovery of new hoards as well as through the increased interest that some collectors and scholars have shown in them (see for example Barag 1984; Houghton 1990– 1991; Hoover 2006a; Hoover 2006b; Hoover 2008; De Callataÿ 2009). Thanks to a new acquisition of the Bank of Israel, it is now possible to add a further and somewhat enigmatic specimen to the growing corpus of known lead emissions. The new coin is described as follows: Obv. Laureate bust of Hermes r., caduceus over shoulder. Rev. Double cornucopia oriented to l. and flanked by stars; to l., fillet hanging; dotted border. 1. Pb, , 3.34 g, 13×14 mm. Bank of Israel inv. 1-832 (Fig. 1). 1 The author is especially grateful to Rachel Barkay for alerting me to this new lead piece in the Bank of Israel collection and for generously permitting me to publish. Thanks are also due to Donald T. Ariel and Danny Syon for providing information on documented finds of Marathian coins in Israel; to Haim Gitler, David Hendin, Alla Kushnir-Stein, and Yaniv Schauer for assistance in obtaining images from private collections and the Israel Museum; to Bernhard Weisser and Karsten Dahmen for assistance in obtaining images from the Münzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin; and to Catharine Lorber for reading an earlier version of this paper. All conclusions are the sole responsibility of the author. INR 4 (2009): 51–56 51 52 OLIVER D. HOOVER ATTRIBUTION The coin lacks an ethnic to indicate the issuing authority, but shares typological and other features with bronze issues struck at the northern Phoenician city of Marathus, making it likely that it was struck by this city. In the Hellenistic period, a bust of Hermes wearing a laurel wreath and carrying the caduceus over his shoulder only occurs as an obverse type on bronze coins struck at Marathus from 199/8 to 168/7 BCE (Pl. 3:1; Duyrat 2002:30–32, Nos. 216–268). Reverse types featuring parallel cornucopias also appear at Marathus, but these are always paired with an obverse type depicting Zeus (Ba‘al-Arwad?) or Tyche (Astarte?) rather than Hermes (Pls. 3:2–3; Duyrat 2002:35–36, Nos. 317–364). The Marathian cornucopia types are somewhat problematic with respect to the new lead piece in that they belong to a later period than that of the Hermes obverse type (all bear dates from Aradian year 130 [130/29 BCE] to year 236 [24/3 BCE]). Likewise, the form of the cornucopias on the issues of Marathus and the lead issue are different. On the former, the larger cornucopias are oriented to the right and bound by a prominent fillet with large bows and ends hanging down on each side. The contents of the Marathian cornucopias each include a wafer flanked by pomegranates and grain ears or poppy heads and a single bunch of grapes spilling over the side. The lead issue, on the other hand, features slender cornucopias oriented to the left and apparently containing only wafers, pomegranates, and grapes. These cornucopias are not tied in the middle with a bowed fillet, although it is possible that the ends of a heavily worn fillet hang down on the left side. The cornucopias on the lead piece are also notable for the fact that they are flanked by stars — a feature never found on the cornucopia issues of Marathus. It is unfortunate that we do not know the source of the new lead piece in the Bank of Israel collection, but it seems probable that it was found outside of Israel. Published hoards containing Marathian bronze coins all come from the environs of the issuing city (IGCH 1545 and 1566). The only recorded find of a bronze coin of Marathus south of Phoenicia is an example recovered from the excavations at Gamla in the Golan, a region bordering Phoenicia (Syon 2004:341, No. 1095 [=Syon forthcoming, No. 4923]). THE HERMES TYPE Hermes probably appears on the coins of Marathus in his capacity as the patron of merchants. Marathus, with its insular rival Aradus, had long been important trade outlets for the Syrian interior. The god may also serve as the Greek version of some native Semitic deity. Philo of Byblos identified the god Taautos (equivalent to Egyptian Thoth) with Hermes and placed him within the Phoenician pantheon (Jacoby 1958: Nos. 790, 804.26; Baumgarten 1981:68), although there is some NEW HELLENISTIC LEAD ISSUE FROM THE SOUTHERN LEVANT 53 modern controversy over whether Taautos was an old Phoenician deity or merely introduced for Philo’s euhemeristic purposes (Baumgarten 1981:69–74). Much less equivocal is the sculptural evidence for Hermes as the Greek form of an unnamed native vegetation deity worshipped at Heliopolis (Ba‘albek; Hajjar 1977:507–509; 517–518). Reliefs and tesserae from Palmyra also indicate that Hermes was the Greek equivalent of the Arab gods ‘Arsu and Monimos (Kaizer 2002:123–124; Teixidor 1979:68). A potential native Semitic connection for Hermes may possibly underlie the late claim that the eponymous founder of Damascus was a son of Hermes (Steph. Byz. s.v. Δαμασκός). That this myth was already current in the early first century BCE is implied by the prominence of Hermes’ cult statue on bronze and lead coins struck at Damascus under the Seleucid king Demetrius III (Pls. 3:4–5; SC II:593–594, Nos. 2455–2456, 2458). It may be no accident that most other Seleucid bronze coins featuring Hermes or his caduceus as types also occur in Coele Syria during the late second and early first centuries BCE (Pls. 3:6–7; SC II:305 and 434, Nos. 1973 and 2207 [Demetrius II]). THE PARALLEL CORNUCOPIA TYPE Depictions of cornucopias on the reverse were relatively common on southern Levantine coins struck in the late second and early first centuries BCE. In addition to the examples of Marathus and Gaza mentioned above, single and double cornucopias in various configurations appear on various issues struck by the Phoenician cities of Carne (Pl. 3:8), Tyre (Pl. 3:9), ‘Akko-Ptolemais (Pl. 3:10), and Demetrias by the Sea (Strato’s Tower?) (Pl. 3:11), Gaza in Coele Syria (Pl. 3:12), as well as by Hasmonean rulers (Pls. 4:13–14) and Seleucid kings (Pl. 4:15) (Duyrat 2002:35–36, Nos. 317–364 [Marathus]; 37–39, Nos. 12–14 and 49–71 [Carne]; BMC Phoen.:cxxxv [Tyre]; Kadman 1961:94–100, Nos. 11–47 [‘Akko-Ptolemais]; Kushnir-Stein 1995:10, Nos. 1–2 [Demetrias]; Hoover 2006b:26, Nos. 1–3 [Gaza]; TJC:202–209, Groups A–B, D–I [John Hyrcanus I]; pp. 212–217, Groups P–T [Alexander Jannaeus]; pp. 217–218, Groups U–V [Judas Aristobulus]; SC II:393, No. 2125 [Antiochus VII at Marisa]). The popularity of the cornucopia type may be attributed to its quality as an immediately recognizable and politically neutral symbol of abundance and prosperity. However, in the late second and early first centuries BCE, parallel cornucopias similar to those found on coins of Marathus only occur in the region on a remarkable series of gold octadrachms produced at Tyre in 104/3 and 102/1 BCE (Pl. 3:9; BMC Phoen.:cxxxv) and on the rare double prutah of John Hyrcanus I (Pl. 4:13; TJC:207, Group H). All other cornucopias depicted on southern Levantine coins in this period are single or splayed, except for an issue of the Seleucid king Antiochus VII now attributed to Idumean Marisa (SC 54 OLIVER D. HOOVER II:393, No. 2125).2 In neighboring Syria during the same period, two parallel cornucopias were also used on coins of the Seleucid monarchs Demetrius I (Pl. 4:16), Alexander II (Pl. 4:17), Cleopatra Thea (Pl. 4:18), Antiochus VIII (Pl. 4:19) and Seleucus VI (Pl. 4:20; SC II:167–168, 457, 462, 467, 476, 505–506, 563, Nos. 1629–1632 [Demetrius I], 2237 and 2249 [Alexander II], 2258 [Cleopatra Thea], 2266 [Cleopatra Thea and Antiochus VIII], 2313 [Antiochus VIII], 2419– 2421 [Seleucus VI]). The parallel cornucopia type also occurs on contemporary bronze coins of Ptolemy Ix struck at Cyrene (Pl. 4:21; Svoronos 1904:243, Nos. 1718–1719). The parallel cornucopias of the new lead specimen are notable for the stars that flank them. This additional element does not occur on the bronze issues of Marathus and is generally rare for any cornucopia type produced during the Hellenistic period. The only examples seem to be the stars flanking two parallel cornucopias on Ptolemaic gold issues in the name of Berenice II, the wife of Ptolemy III from 241–221 BCE (Pl. 4:22; Svoronos 1904:135–136, Nos. 973– 979), and stars above pilei on either side of a single cornucopia on a bronze series of Pontic Amasea struck in c. 120–100 BCE (Pl. 4:23) (SNG BM 1: xxxIx, Nos. 1046–1047).3 The stars (and pilei) on the Ptolemaic and Amasean coins are widely recognized as symbols of the Dioscuri, who were patrons of both sailors and the Ptolemaic royal house (Strabo 1.3.2; Callimachus Fr. 228; Fraser 1972:207). Presumably the stars represent the Dioscuri on the new lead piece too, although the divine twins do not otherwise appear on coins of Marathus. However, reference to the Dioscuri at these cities might be expected as they derived much of their wealth through their Mediterranean ports. In this respect the cornucopias flanked by stars can be understood to have the same meaning as the bronze coins of ‘Akko-Ptolemais struck in the second century BCE that depict the heads of the Dioscuri on the obverse and a single cornucopia on the reverse (Pl. 3:10; Kadman 1961:94–100, Nos. 11–47): The prosperity of the city depends on the security of maritime trade.4 If this is indeed the intended message of the reverse type, it has been very well-paired with an obverse type featuring Hermes, the divine patron of all merchants and traders. It is interesting to note that the Amasean cornucopia issue employs an obverse type featuring a youthful male bust with wings sprouting from his head. This image could very well represent Hermes, in which case the symbolic program 2 3 4 This issue was formerly attributed to Gaza by Houghton (1984:83, No. 829) and SNG Israel I: 281, Nos. 2101–2103. For the suggestion that these coins actually name Berenice Syra rather than Berenice II, see Hazzard 1995:5. For discussion of a similar symbolic dependence of the reverse type on the obverse type in the Roman imperial period, see Wallace-Hadrill 1981. NEW HELLENISTIC LEAD ISSUE FROM THE SOUTHERN LEVANT 55 of the Amasean series would almost exactly replicate that of the new lead piece. Of course, this close similarity must be coincidental as bronze coins of Amasea did not circulate in the southern Levant. A wing-headed Hermes also appears on Seleucid issues from an uncertain Phoenician or Coele Syrian mint during the first reign of Demetrius II (Pl. 3:6; SC II:305, No. 1973). HISTORICAL AND ECONOMIC CONTExT If the new lead piece was actually struck at Marathus, as suggested above, it would be the first Hellenistic lead piece known for this city. With a potential production window from 199/8 to 24/3 BCE extrapolated from the bronze type models, it is difficult to identify the precise context in which a lead series might have been issued. However, the crises engendered by the attacks of neighboring Aradus in 145 and 129 BCE seem plausible occasions for an emergency issue of lead coinage (Strabo 16.2.12; Diod. 33.5.1–6). REFERENCES Barag D. 1984. Some Examples of Lead Currency from the Hellenistic Period. In A. Houghton, S. Hurter, P.E. Mottahedeh, J.A. Scott eds. Studies in Honor of Leo Mildenberg. Wetteren. Pp. 1–5. Baumgarten A. 1981. The Phoenician History of Philo of Byblos: A Commentary. Leiden. De Callataÿ F. 2009. Forthcoming. Les plombs à types monétaires en Grèce ancienne: monnaies (officielles, votives ou contrefaites), jetons, sceaux, poids, épreuves ou fantaisies? RN. Duyrat F. 2002. Les ateliers monétaires de Phénicie du Nord a l’époque hellénistique. In C. Augé and F. Duyrat eds. 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