The Pixodarus Hoard (CH 9. 421) more

THE PIXODARUS HOARD (CH 9.421) R.H.J. ASHTON, N. HARDWICK, P. K1NNS, K. KONUK, A.R. MEADOWS* Plates 21-41 LIntroduction This hoard is said to have been discovered in September 1978 near the site of the ancient theatre in the town of Bodium, ancient Halicarnassus. It is reported locally that approximately 2 600 silver coins were found in total in a large earthen jar. Coins from the hoard began to appear on the west European market in 1979, and were dispersed without being fully recorded. As with the Hecatomnus hoard (above, pp. 95-158), in order to compile the summary of issues provided below we have collated certain partial or summary lists, most of which were made shortly after the time of discovery by dealers and collectors, and assembled by the late Martin Price. Unlike the Hecatomnus hoard, a notice of the Pixodarus hoard has never appeared in Coin Hoards, although preliminary accounts of its contents have been published by Silvia Hurter.1 For the discussion of individual mints we have in addition used photographs and further records supplied by dealers and collectors. We have also adopted an additional criterion for the identification of individual hoard coins. Many of the issues concerned were extremely rare before the discovery of the hoard; when such coins appear, without provenance, in sale catalogues from 1979 and the immediately following years, it seems likely that they came from the hoard. Certain issues represented in the Pixodarus hoard, principally from Ephesos and Samos, are also recorded in the Hecatomnus hoard buried some 45-50 years earlier. The coins from these and other issues of similarly early date in the Pixodarus hoard are in quite fresh condition, and one is at first tempted to suspect contamination between the two hoards in modern times. However, comparison of coins which belong indisputably to one or other of the hoards soon suggests that the Hecatomnus hoard seems to be a straightforward 'circulation' hoard in which the older coins tend to be more worn than the recent, whereas the Pixodarus hoard exhibits a different pattern. Although at first sight the appearance of much earlier coins in similarly fresh condition to later coins seems to suggest that Pixodarus may have been a savings We are grateful to Silvia Hurter for much information about this hoard. In addition to those listed under individual mints, the following abbreviations are used: Ashton, 'Coinage of Rhodes' = R. Ashton, 'The Coinage of Rhodes 408-c. 190' in A. Meadows and K. Shipton (eds), Money and its Uses in the Ancient Greek World (Oxford, 2001), pp. 79-115; Ashton, 'Knidos' = R. Ashton, 'The late Classical/early Hellenistic drachms of Knidos', RN 1999, pp. 63-95; Barron = J. P. Barron, The Silver Coins of Samos (London, 1966); Barron, 'Goddesses' = Id., 'Two Goddesses in Samos' in Price Studies, pp. 24-36; Cahn, Knidos = H. Cahn, Knidos. Die Miinzen des sechsten und des funften Jahrhunderts v. Chr. (AMUGS 4; Berlin, 1970); Hardwick, Diss. = N. M. M. Hardwick, The Coinage of Chios from the Sixth to the Fourth Century B.C. (DPhil. diss., unpub., Oxford, 1991); Hurter, 'Pixodarus Hoard' = 'The "Pixodarus Hoard": a summary', in Price Sudies, pp. 147-153; Kinns, Studies = P. Kinns, Studies in the coinage of Ionia: Erythrae, Teos, Lebedus, Colophon, c. 400-30 B.C. (PhD diss., unpub., Cambridge, 1980); Konuk, Hekatomnids = K. Konuk, The Coinage of the Hekatomnids of Caria (DPhil diss., unpub., Oxford, 1998); May = J.M.F. May, The coinage of Abdera (540-345 BC) (London, 1966); Schonert-Geiss = E. Schonert-Geiss, Die Miinzprdgung von Byzantion, Teil I: autonome Zeit (Berlin, 1970); Price Studies = R. Ashton and S. Hurter (eds.), Studies in Greek Numismatics in Memory of Martin Jessop Price (London. 1998); West = A.B. West, 5'1' and 4'h Century Gold Coins from the Thracian Coast, ANS NNM 40 (New York, 1929). 1 S. Hurter, 'Karische Fragen', in R. Margolis and H. Voegtli (eds.), Numismatics: Witness to Histoiy (Wetteren, 1986), pp. 15—18; cad., 'Pixodarus Hoard'. 159 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS hoard, built up over a long period of time, detailed examination of the contents yields a more complex pattern. As will be seen in the studies that follow, the pattern of issues of the mints of Cyzicus, Cos and Samos included in the hoard strongly suggests removal from circulation at one time. The absence of earlier issues of all three mints, particularly the massive issue of Hegesianax at Samos, makes it highly unlikely that this is a straightforward savings hoard. Moreover, the pattern of wear on Ephesian issues seems to support the interpretation that most of the coins in the hoard were taken out of circulation at one time. Thus, while there clearly are certain individual coins which seem to exhibit less wear than we might expect (such as early issues of Thasos and the coin of Colophon), this must be explained in terms of the treatment of these coins prior to deposition in this hoard. It may also be that some selection on the part of the depositor lies behind such odd cases. One other crucial difference betweeen the Hecatomnus and Pixodarus hoards lies in the ease and firmness with which a burial date may be deduced. As is demonstrated by Konuk below (p. 229) the Hecatomnid content makes it certain that the hoard was buried in 341 or 340 at the latest. Throughout the mint studies that follow the burial date 341/0 is thus assumed. We have divided the work as follows: Cnidus and Rhodes (Ashton); Chios (Hardwick); Ephesus (Kinns); Hecatomnids (Konuk); Thasos, Cyzicus, Colophon, Miletus, 'Satrapal' issues, Samos and Cos (Meadows). We have not attempted uniformity in our treatment of these mints. The relevant series from Samos and Cnidus have been published already, and the commentary in the publication of the Hecatomnus hoard reassesses the evidence for the Samian mint. Cyzicus, Colophon, Ephesos, Chios, Cos, the Hecatomnids and Rhodes have all been the subject of unpublished studies most of which are due to appear in print over the next few years and, where available, are used selectively for discussion of the hoard coins. Summary of Issues2 Thasos telradrachms 29 Hecatomnids Cyzicus tetradrachms 25 Mausolus tetradrachms 232 Colophon tetradrachms 1 Idrieus tetradrachms 206 Ephesus tetradrachms 600 Pixodarus tetradrachms 14 didrachms 4 didrachms 182 Miletus tetradrachms 19 Cos tetradrachms 74 'Satrapal' tetradrachms 17 didrachms 48 Chios tetradrachms 17 Rhodes didrachms 12 Samos tetradrachms 22 Cnidus didrachms 2 Total 1504 2 The reports of the Pixodarus hoard assembled by Martin Price, based on coins that reached European collectors and dealers, mention all of the coinages listed. Later reports from close to the place of discovery, however, suggest that tetradrachms ofClazomcnae of the type facing head/swan (cf. BMC 18-9) may also have been present. Certainly their inclusion cannot be ruled out on the basis of chronology if, as Kinns has suggested (P. Kinns, 'Ionia: the pattern of coinage during the last century of the Persian empire', REA 91 (1989), pp. 183-193 at 184-6), these issues belong to the period c. 380-360 BC. However, Clazomenae's telradrachms are remarkable in this area and period for having been minted on the Attic standard. If they were present in the hoard, they would stand out as the only non-Chian weight issues included. Moreover there has been no sign of new coins of Clazomcnac on the market since the discovery of the Pixodarus hoard. Caution is certainly required in the case of this mint; the assumption is here made that issues of this mint were not included. 160 Pixodarus Hoard 2. Mint Studies Thasos (Meadows) At least 29 tetradrachms of Thasos are known to have been in the Pixodarus hoard. Given that only 32 were known to A.B. West, and that still only 75 can be identified with the addition of specimens on file at the British Museum, it is no exaggeration to say that this one hoard has substantially altered our appreciation of fourth-century Thasian coinage. Eight new issues are now apparent that were not known to West, and four of the issues known to him only in the drachm denomination can now be assigned tetradrachms. The opportunity has thus been taken in the list that follows to combine the specimens known from these three sources. It should, however, be stressed that no claim is made to completeness, and that much more evidence is required before a precise sequence of issues can be determined. Broadly speaking, the sequence established by West on stylistic grounds has been followed here. New issues have been inserted also on stylistic grounds and, where available, on the basis of die-links. Coins which can be attributed to the hoard with some certainty are so marked. Given the rarity of these issues, other coins which have appeared on the market since 1979 may well also have belonged to the hoard (see nos. 4a, 26e, 28b, 34b and 55a). Catalogue A.B. West, Fifth and fourth century gold coins from the Thracian coast. ANS NNM 40 (New York, 1929), pp. 12-54. E.S.G. Robinson, 'A find of coins of Thasos', NC 1934, pp. 244-54. G. Le Rider, 'Tresor de monnaies trouve a Thasos', BCH 80 (1956), pp. 1-19. Id, 'Les Monnaies Thasicnnes' in Guide de Thasos (Paris, 1968), pp. 185-191. Tetradrachms of Le Rider, Guide Group 4. Ohv:. Bearded head of Dionysus crowned with ivy 1. or r. Rev.: Bearded Heracles in lion skin kneeling r. drawing a bow. Behind, 0ASION; in front beneath bow, symbol. Group IB Fly I. (West 5) 1 Al/Pl a. 14.89 0 Herm (West -) 2 A1/P2 a.* 15.17 0 Narrow Amphora (West 13) 3 A2/P3 a. 14.68 330 4 A2/P4 a. 15.10 Pixodarus Hoard. Price Studies, pi. 31, 1. Pixodarus Hoard. Group IC Egger 41 (1912) 278; Jameson 2023; Gulbenkian 465. West 13A Hirsch 167 (1990) 221 Broad Amphora (West 16) 5 A3/P5 a. 14.53 270 b. 15.16 Helmet (West 18) 6 A4/P6 a. 14.76 180 7 A4/P7 a. 14.55 Group IIB Sotheby 23.V.1894 (Carfrae), 132; Cambridge, McClean 4206. West 16A Paris, De Luynes 1802; Traite, pi. 322. 21 . West 16B Naville 15 (1930) 561; Leu 15 (1976) 167; 50 (1990) 90. West 18A Vinchon 29.iv.74 (Pcyrefitte) 86. Bee 1. (West -) 8 A5/P8 a.* 15.02 Tripod (West -) 9 A6/P9 a." 15.28 30 NAC 7 (1994) 230. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. 161 ASHTON, HARDW1CK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS Bucranium (West 20) 10 A7/PI0 a. 14.50 Owl r. (West 27) 11 A8/P1I a." Group IIC B.H. Emmet coll. West 20A Group III 4.85 180 Sotheby NY 21/2.vi.90 (Bunker Hunt II), 330. Pixodarus Hoard. Chelys (West 28) 12 13 A9/P12 A9/P13 14 A9/P14 15 A9/P15 14.42 240 14.67 15.10 13.40 14.14 14.93 120 16 A10/P15 a." 14.36 17 A10/P16 a. 15.26 30 Quiver (West -) 18 A11/P17 a." 14.13 30 Round Shield (West 29) 19 A11/P18 a. 14.84 90 20 A12/P19 a. 14.77 0 21 A12/P20 a. 14.91 Astragalos (West -) 22 A13/P21 a." 14.97 Cantharus (West 32) 23 A13/P22 a. 14.84 150 24 A13/P23 a.* 14.92 180 25 A13/P24 a.* 15.35 b. 15.47 180 26 A14/P24 a. 14.74 300 b. * 14.96 90 27 c. 14.71 d. * 15.27 e. 15.11 A14/P25 a.* 15.15 330 BM 1928 ("from a tomb on Rhodes") Rcgling, Warren 501; Boston 863. West 28A Paris, Traite, pi. 322. 19. BM Cast Paris, De Luynes 1801. West 28B SNG Cop. 1022. West 28D NAC 10 (1997) 217 Pixodarus Hoard. NFA 7 (1979) 86 Pixodarus Hoard. Naville 10 (1925) 488; Gulbenkian II 466. West 28C Pixodarus Hoard BMC 36. West 29B3 Cambridge, SNG 1812 (ex Benson) Paris, Traite pi. 322. 18 Group IV MM AG 64 (1984) 67. Pixodarus Hoard. BM (ex Bunbury). W32A Asta Ceresio 1 (1987) 67. Pixodarus Hoard. MMAG 73 (1988) 63. Price Studies, pi. 31, 2. Pixodarus Hoard. SNG Spencer-Churchill 105. Leu/MMAG 28.V.74, 190; Leu 22 (1979) 52. West32D Pixodarus Hoard. Sotheby NY 19/20.vi.91 (Bunker Hunt IV), 181. Pixodarus Hoard. NFA 8 (1980) 82. Pixodarus Hoard. Sternberg 16 (1985) 95. Pixodarus Hoard. Superior 3/6.vi.85, 2118 (Lawson). CNG 42 (1997) 296. Pixodarus Hoard. Bipennis (West 32bis) 28 A15/P26 a." 15.39 330 b. 15.07 29 A15/P27 a. 15.39 180 b." 15.42 150 30 A16/P28 a.* 15.44 180 MMAG 72 (1989) 550. Pixodarus Hoard. GM 89 (1998) 91; 100 (1999) 1020. IGCHlXb. BM. Pixodarus Hoard. NFA 10(1981) 88; Sotheby NY 19/20.vi.91 (Bunker Hunt IV), 182; MMAG 72 (1987) 550. Berk 107 (1999) 155; 109 (1999) 165. Pixodarus Hoard. Club and lion scalp (West 33) 31 A17/P29 a. 15.27 Club and K (West-) 32 A17/P30 a." 14.91 270 Berlin. West 33A Pixodarus Hoard. 3 Although BMC 36 is listed by West as his 29B, the coin illustrated as 29B on his plate IV is in fact Traite pi. 322, 18. 162 Pixodarus Hoard Cicada (West 34) 33 A18/P31 a. 15.18 300 34 A19/P32 a. 15.31 60 b. 15.35 35 A19/P33 a. 15.15 36 A20/P34 a. 15.43 Hess-Leu 5.vi.65. 131. Leu 48 (1989) 98. MMAG FPL 523 (1989) 7. Naville 5 (1923) 1558. Gulbenkian II467. West 34A SBV 38 (1995) 130. West 34B Paris Jraite, pi. 322. 20. West 34C SNG von Post 75. Caduceus (West -) 37 A21/P35 a.* 15.26 0 Rose (West -) 38 A21/P36 a.* 14.54 Uncertain symbol 39 A21/P37 a.* 15.20 60 Corn stalk (West -) 40 A22/P38 a. 15.34 300 NFA 10 (1981) 87. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Sotheby 21/2.vi.90 (Bunker Hunt II), 331. Pixodarus Hoard. SNG Blackburn 338 Grapes on vine (West 35) 41 A23/P39 a.' 15.23 330 Chelys (West 36) 42 A24/P40 a. 15.14 b. 15.16 Swastika (West 37) 43 A25/P41 a. 15.04 44 45 46 47 A26/P41 a." 15.17 90 A27/P41 a." 15.27 A28/P42 a. 15.29 b. 14.54 c. 14.65 A29/P43 a. 15.08 240 Pixodarus Hoard. Rollin et Feuardent 9/1 l.v.10 (Durulle) 283; J. Hirsch 34 (1914) 264. Naville 6 (1924, Bement) 857. West 36A Warren 500. Boston 863 H.Weber 2510. Naville 4 (1922) 493; 16, 1073. Spink 96(1993) 55. NCirc 101 (1993) 3210. West 37A Pixodarus Hoard. Sternberg 16 (1985) 96. Pixodarus Hoard. ANS 1967.152.232. Jameson 1070. J. Hirsch 13 (1905, Rhousopoulos) 681. West 37C J. Hirsch 25 (1909, Philipsen) 237. West 37D Cambridge, McClean 4207 Locker Lampson 138. SNG Lockett 1225. Boston Suppl. 75. Wreath and monogram (West 38) 48 A30/P44 a. 14.81 b.* 14.95 60 49 A31/P45 a. 14.08 Egger 46 (1914) 378. West 38A Lanz 22 (1982) 234. Pixodarus Hoard. J. Hirsch 21 (1908, Weber) 995. CNG 31 (1994) 193. West 38B. Fulmen (West 39) 50 A32/P46 a. 15.02 51 A32/P47 a. 14.41 52 A33/P48 a.* 15.19 210 b.* 15.14 53 A33/P49 a." 15.07 Pentagram (West -) 54 A34/P50 a. 15.20 Egger 41 (1912) 279. Schlessinger 13 (1935) 497. ANS 1944-100- 16754. West39A Merzbacher 2 (1909) 2691. West 39B Sternberg 21 (1988) 34. Pixodarus Hoard. MMAG 61 (1982) 84. CNG 42 (1997) 297. Price Studies PI. 31,3. Pixodarus Hoard. SBV 6 (1980) 42; 33 (1993) 200. Pixodarus Hoard. Hess-Leu 12/3.iv. 62, 150 Uncertain Symbol 55 A35/P51 a. 14.66 Pilos (West -) 56 A36/P52 a. 14.50 270 CNG 29(1994) 103 Group V SNG Aberdeen 116 163 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS Phrygian cap (West -) 57 A37/P53 a. 15.19 300 Leu 13 (1975) 94. Sotheby NY 19/20.vi.91 (Bunker Hunt IV), 180. 58 A38/P53? a. 13.35 Glendining 23.1.63, 1008. Sotheby 21-2.xi.85, 63. Lepczyk ll-12.ix.87, 37. Monogram (West 45) 59 A39/P54 a. 13.95 Paris. Traite, pi. 323. 8. West 45A 21 of the 29 tetradrachms certainly from the hoard can be assigned to West's group IV, a fact that probably supports his relative positioning of this group towards the end of the Thasian sequence, as well as suggesting that the Thasian issues in the hoard were taken out of circulation in one group, rather than over time. While it must be admitted that the earliest issues contained in the hoard (nos. 1 and 2) do appear surprisingly fresh, it is perfectly possible that this condition is a result of their treatment prior to arriving in the hands of the depositor of the Pixodarus hoard. Chronology A survey of the other hoard evidence must be the starting point. Three other hoards are known to have contained Chian-weight issues of the Dionysus/kneeling Heracles type. The first to appear was published by Robinson in 1934 (IGCH 716).4 It contained four tetradrachms of Abdera (May 273, 292, 349 and 351), one tetradrachm of Byzantium (Schonert-Geiss 661) and 36 coins of Thasos. The issues of Thasos comprised one tetradrachm (West 32bis), 27 didrachms (2 with symbols unknown to West, but stylistically late and 25 with monograms), seven drachms (one of West 4 but heavily worn, and six of style similar to West 47, but with symbols unknown to West) and one hemidrachm. Robinson dated the hoard on two basic grounds: the wear on the Abderite pieces and the position of the Byzantine coin within the sequence of that mint, as he saw it. These two factors led him to a date of c. 360, and he suggested a precise burial date of 357, in the troubled circumstances of Philip IPs absorption of Thasos into his kingdom. Robinson's date has already come under attack from Le Rider,5 and a fresh look at the evidence suggests that it must indeed be lowered. The coins of Abdera which in Robinson's opinion exhibited a half-century or so of wear, belong to May's Period VI. The latest issue comes from May's group CVII, towards the end of the period, which is dated as a whole by May to 41 1-386. The Abderite coins in the hoard were therefore minted some twenty years later than the date that Robinson had suggested. The issue of Byzantium, which had clearly seen less wear, is more problematic. In Schonert-Geiss's sequence it is the fourth of the Chian weight issues,6 whose beginning she sets in 387/6, on historical rather than numismatic grounds. The Chian weight issues, she assumes, followed the issue of the Byzantine ZYN coinage, for which she assumed a date of c. 394-387 BC. If, as has been argued above in the publication of the Hecatomnus hoard, the LYN coinage is to move back in time to c. 405 BC, then the beginning of the Chian weight coinage of Byzantium must probably move back too. But more evidence is needed; for the time being we can state only that the Byzantine issue is in fact likely to have been produced at around the same time as those of Abdera, if not earlier. Its condition would thus be 4 E.S.G. Robinson, 'A find of coins of Thasos', NC 1934, pp. 244-54. 5 G. Le Rider, Tresor de monnaies trouve a Thasos' BCH 80 (1956), pp. 1-19, at p. 14 n.5. 6 Schonert-Geiss, p. 116 no. 661: Vs-Gruppe IV. However, this position within the Chian-weighl series is not guaranteed by any die-links. 164 Pixodarus Hoard anomalous within the context of the hoard, and cannot be relied upon for dating purposes. Robinson's Hoard may thus date anywhere from say 360 to 330 BC, with the Abderite content suggesting a date towards the end of that range, assuming Robinson's estimatation of its wear to be correct. The second hoard to appear was published by Le Rider in 1956 (IGCH 723; op cit. n. 5). It contained 38 Chian weight coins of Byzantium (3 drachms and 35 hemidrachms), 19 Chian weight coins of Calchedon (7 drachms and 12 hemidrachms) and 77 coins of Thasos (12 drachms, 2 hemidrachms and 63 bronzes). Le Rider proposed a burial date for this hoard of c. 345 BC on the basis of his proposed dating of the Thasian silver issues (in turn based upon an unpublished study of the series as a whole). The hoard contained heavily worn specimens of West issues 25 (lion-head) and 40 (club and pellet), and comparatively fresh specimens of issues with monograms in place of symbols, all of types unknown to West and Robinson. These last probably represent the final issues of this type from the mint of Thasos, and given their absence from Robinson's hoard, it seems reasonable to suggest that Le Rider's hoard is slightly later in date. The precise date he suggested must be treated with caution since it had no independent, hoard evidential basis. Thirdly, there is the Hecatomnus hoard. As has been noted above (p. 97) in the publication of that hoard, this provides a terminus ante quern of c. 390-385 BC for the beginning of the Chian-weight issues of Thasos. Turning now to the Pixodarus hoard, we can immediately see its importance for establishing the chronology of the middle of the Thasian series. Included in the hoard are issues down to West 39 (fulmen), plus issues unknown to West but which belong stylistically with issues prior to West 39. Crucially, there are none of the issues marked with monograms that begin with West 42. The likely conclusion is that these issues began around the time of or shortly after the burial of the hoard in c. 341/0 BC.7 In consequence, the dates of both the Robinson and Le Rider hoards will need to be lowered. Dates around 335 and 330 BC respectively are suggested. Certainly there is no great time gap between them, since only five issues are known from the latter hoard and not the former. There is nothing that rules out these later dates for the last two hoards and, as we have noted above, a date in the 330s for the Robinson hoard may seem likely on independent grounds. Issues While there still remains too little evidence to reconstruct the pattern of issues at the mint of Thasos in the fourth century, we may now begin to form an impression of their nature and frequency. First it can now be stated with some confidence that the issues are linear in nature, the issues identified by symbols and monograms being produced in succession, as seems to be the practice at Cyzicus, rather than being produced in parallel groups or colleges, as is the case at, for example, Miletus. With regard to frequency, again paucity of evidence urges caution, but we can state that between the beginning of the series (before c. 390-385 BC) and the closure of the Pixodarus hoard c. 341/0 BC, at least fifty silver issues were produced. Given that a third of these issues are represented in the above catalogue by only a single The appearance of monograms coincides with a move at the Thasian mint away from the tetradrachm towards the didrachm as principal denomination. However, difference of denomination is unlikely to be the reason for the absence of these issues from the hoard: didrachms of Cnidus, Cos, Rhodes and the Hecatomnids are all present. 165 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS specimen, this number is likely to increase. Taking, for the sake of argument, the earliest date that has been suggested for the beginning of these issues, c. 411 BC, the ratio of c. 50+ issues to 66 years of production gives a very rough frequency of one issue per year. Given the approximate nature of these figures there can be no question of claiming that these are the products of annual magistates, but if this frequency is applied to the issues that seem to postdate the hoard, approximately 15-20 subsequent years of production, or a more intense period of activity, are suggested. vv Symbol dr 2dr 4dr Hd W Symbol dr 2dr 4dr Hd 2 Cornucopia w 32bis Bipennis w X P, R 3 Grapes w 33 Lion head + club w 4 Cicada w Club + K X P 5 Fly 1. w X P 34 Fly w 6 Fly r. w ci.21 Caduceus X P Herm X 1 Rose X n r 7 Sal amanHtT w Uncertain p « O A Qtra fia 1 w Corn-stalk 9 Dolphin w Grapes \ P 10 Ivy Lctif w 36 Chelys a 11 f^anthariK + ("Miih tllllllCII U.j I VIUU w 37 Swastika w p 12 Gr&pcs + club w 38 Wreath and Mon. w p Slim amnnnra w 39 Fulmen w w p I 14 Gorgonc ion w PlXODARUS hoard ends 15 Owl w Pentagram X 16 A mnnorM w w 40 Club and pellet w 1 J_ 17 Pomegranate w 41 Grapes8 X R 1 is Helmet w Pilos X 11) Acanthus in scroll w Phrygian cap X Bcc I. X P Torch X Tripod X P Helmet9 X R 20 Bucranium w w Ivy-leaf X 21 Caduceus w Torch + ME10 X R 22 Boeotian Shield w 42-3 Mon w R 23 Twig w 44 Mon w R 24 Dolphin 45 Mon w 25 Lion's head w L 46 Club (+Mon) w R 26 Pan head w 47 Mon w R 27 Owl r. w X P Mon (R30) X R 28 Chelys w w P Mon (r31) X R Quiver X P Robinson hoard ends 29 Round shield w w Mon X L61 30 Theta Mon X L62 cf.8 Astragal X P Mon X L63 31 Torch w Mon + corn-ear X L67 32 Cantharus w w P Le Rider hoard ends Key w = known to West P = Pixodarus Hoard x= known from other sources R = Robinson Hoard (IGCH116) L = Lc Rider Hoard {IGCH 723) 8 No illustration of West's 41 is available; the style of the grapes issues in the Robinson hoard is clearly closest to West 47. 9 Stylistically the obverse of the ANS specimen (1944.100.16755) is closest to West 43b 10 The style of the obverse in the ANS (1966.75.83) is closest to that of West 42a 166 Pixodarus Hoard Cyzicus (Meadows) A study of the coinage of Cyzicus is being prepared by F. Sandstrom. Full appreciation of the impact of the Pixodarus hoard necessarily awaits the publication of the die-study of the relevant issues. The following comments are based upon the notes gathered by Martin Price and information from the British Museum photofile. The Pixodarus hoard contained tetradrachms of Cyzicus of the type head of Kore Soteira 1./Iion's head above tunny. This series can be subdivided into two groups: those with ethnic in full (KYZIKHN£2N), here called type 1; and those with an abbreviated form of the ethnic (KYZI), here called type 2.11 The following catalogue lists the coins which can be attributed to the hoard with confidence. All of these are of the latter group (type 2) with abbreviated ethnic. All are illustrated unless noted otherwise. Catalogue Obv.: Head of Kore Soteira 1.; ZQTEIPA Rev.: Lion's head r.; below, tunny fish; KY - ZI. In right field, symbol. Bow 1 15.08 270 Grain 2 15.14 270 Astragalos i 3 14.98 180 Thyrsos 4 14.77 Amphora 5 15.30 180 Stag head 6 15.19 180 Cock r. 7 14.84 90 8 14.66 9 15.14 30 Cock L 10 15.17 30 11 15.15 180 Bee 12 15.18 180 13 15.11 180 14 14.88" 180 Bucranium 15 14.75 180 Wreath 16 14.85 270 17 115.22 180 18 14.55 Trident 19 14.86 20 14.97 0 21 15.20 180 Price Studies, pi. 31, 4 In commerce CNG 43 (1997)504. NFA 7 (1979) 170. Lanz 18 (1980) 100. GM 17 (1980) 59. Hirsch 171 (1991) 272; 174 (1992) 239; 177 (1993) 276. Solheby NY 19/20.vi.91 (Bunker Hunt IV), 316. Leu 42 (1987) 282. Price Studies; pi. 31, 6 In commerce In commerce (not illustrated). NFA 7 (1979) 171 In commerce In commerce In commerce Sotheby NY 21/2.vi.90 (Bunker Hunt II), 465 NFA 16 (1985) 190. Ponterio MB 29 (1987) 167. Tkalec-Rauch 25/6.iv. Leu 22(1979) 122 In commerce Kunker43 (1998) 123 NFA 8 (1980) 208 Sternberg 15/6.xi. 79, 34 TNA 1 (1982) 99. Lanz 24 (1983) 311. Price Studies, pi. 31, 5 Sotheby NY 19/20.vi.91 (Bunker Hunt IV), 315. ). 114 This division corresponds to groups 4 (full ethnic) and 3 (abbreviated) in the arrangement of H. von Frilzc, 'Die Silberpragung von Kyzikos', Nomisma 9 (1914), pp. 34-56. 167 Ashton, Hardwick, Kinns, Konuk and Meadows Star 22 14.90 NFA 9 (1980)236 23 14.85 180 In commerce. 24 15.26 180 Hauck & Aufhauser 15 (2000) 115. 25 14.81 180 In commerce (not illustrated). Overview of the Coinage Type 1 These issues are principally characterised by the appearance of the ethnic in full on the reverse: KYZIKHNQN. Two other characteristics mark them out from most of the type two series. First the treatment of Soteira on the obverse is far more exuberant. The head dress worn by the maiden is more ornate than the more workaday products of most of the die-cutters of Type 2. Second there is a great deal more variety in the treatment of the lion's head on the reverse. In general, these issues look far less homogenous than those that follow. The following issues (listed in arbitrary order) and obverse die links are known to me:12 Helmet Ivy Leaf r~ f~ Cantharus L L Scallop Shell r~ Bee Owl (Durasalar hd.) Dolphin Flower The British Museum photofile contains details of 47 specimens of these eight issues, struck from 20 obverse dies. The hoard evidence for Type 1 tetradrachms is provided by the Durasalar hoard (IGCH 1201), deposited c. 390-380 BC, which contained one coin of the Owl issue in virtually uncirculated condition. As Hurter has already pointed out, this fact combined with the apparent absence of any Type 1 issue from the Pixodarus hoard, leads to the conclusion that the full ethnic issues predate those with abbreviated ethnic.13 Type 2 On the basis of die-links and style the issues of Type 2 can be divided into five main groups. Group A On stylistic grounds we can identify this as the earliest group of Type 2. The treatment of Soteira on the obverse is very similar to that exhibited by some of the dies used for Type 1. The head dress remains elaborate and on at least three of the obverse dies there are still three ears of corn at the top and front of this arrangement, as in Type 1. For the remainder of Type 2 this decreases to two. Also, the lettering of 12 Between the cantharus and scallop issues there are two die links: BMC 135 (Cantharus) and Egger 26.xi.09, 394 (Scallop); Boston 1577 (Cantharus) and BMC 134 (Scallop). Between the Bee and Owl issues a die link is provided hy Egger 7.i.08, 534 (Bee) and SNG vA 7346 (Owl). 13 Hurter, 'Pixodarus hoard', p. 148. 168 Pixodarus Hoard the obverse legend extends right round the head. Later in the series the lettering becomes smaller and is confined to the area around the top of the head. Two issues are die linked within this group:14 Bow (nine specimens from one obverse die in the BM photofile); Corn ear (four obverse dies, including that used for the Bow issue, from seven specimens): Bow (Pixodarus hd.) Next, stylistically, comes another pair of die-linked issues with symbols Grain and Astragalos. The obverses of this group are characterised by comparatively large heads, elaborate drapery and large lettering, still extending a considerable way around the head. The reverses are also distinctive, the lion's head having an almost triangular shape, while the mane is comparatively simple: beneath the ear it consists of one broad, or one broad and one very narrow column of locks; towards the top of the head there are two broad columns, or two broad and one very narrow. For the Grain issue two obverse dies (e.g. SNG vA 1218 and Pixodarus 2) have been recorded from five coins. One of these (Pixodarus 2) was also used to strike an issue with Astragalos known from only one specimen (Pixodarus 3).15 Although not die-linked to the Grain and Astragalos I issues, a further three issues may be classified with them stylistically: Tunny head (one obverse from seven coins), Grapes (two obverses from 10 coins) and Thyrsus (one obverse from five coins).16 p Grain (Pixodarus hd.) L Astragalos (I) (Pixodarus hd.) Tunny head Grapes ThyrSUS (Pixodarus hd.) A group of four die-linked issues shares some of the stylistic characteristics of Group B, while at the same time showing further developments. These are Caduceus, (three dies from eight coins), Hydria (five dies from 32 coins), Fulmen (one die from one coin), Male head (one die from four coins).17 The style of the reverse of the Caduceus issue is very close to that of Group B. However, on the obverses, particularly those employed for the Hydria issue, there is a 14 Die link: cf. Pixodarus 1 (Bow) and Cambridge, McClean 7578 (Corn ear). 15 A further ten coins struck from three different obverse dies are also known with symbol Astragalos. Stylistically, however, these do not belong with group B, seeming somewhat later. It is best to regard these as two separate issues with the same symbol. For the three dies of the later issue see SNG vA 7345, Stack's 2/3.xii.75, 594, Weber 5036. 16 For the dies see BMC 125 (Tunny), Traite, pi. 178, 71 and Brussels, de Hirsch 1451 (Grapes) and Pixodarus 4 (Thyrsus). 17 For the obverse dies see: SNG vA 7339, Cambridge (Leake) SNG 4151, Lanz 26 (1983) 223, Aufhauser 10 (1993) 102, MM AG 28 (1964) 160 (Hydria); SNG vA 7342, GM 46 (1989) 216, Traite, pi. 178, 19 (Caduceus); Auctiones 17 (1988) 207 (Fulmen); SNG vA 7341 (Male head). One die links the Fulmen, Male head and Caduceus (SNG vA 7342) issues. A different die links Hydria (SNG vA 7339) to Caduceus (GM 46 (1989) 216). Group B Group C 169 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS noticeable reduction in the size of the lettering, which now becomes confined to the area in front of Soteira's top-knot. r Caduceus Hydria (Pixodarus hd.) _ Fulmen _ Male head Group D The next phase in production at the Cyzicene mint is characterised by a reduction in the size of Soteira's head and a further simplification of her head-gear. The obverse legend remains small, and confined to the top of the head. The lion's mane on the reverse is now made up of two broad columns of locks up to the ear and three above that. Four issues without die-links seem to fit this description: Cantharus (four dies from 11 coins), Bull forepart (one die from one coin) and Stag head (three dies from six coins) and Astragalos II.18 Two further issues die-linked to each other probably belong at this stage in the sequence too: Cock r. or L (five obverse dies from 15 coins) and Bee (six dies from 19 coins).19 Cantharus Bull forepart Stag head (Pixodarus hd.) Astragalos (IT) |— Cock r. or 1. (Pixodarus hd.) '—Bee (Pixodarus hd.) Group E The final group is stylistically the most heterogeneous, yet at the same time is internally fully die-linked. Six issues are involved: Club (two obverse dies from two coins), Quiver (three dies from six coins), Bucranium (four dies from six coins), Wreath (five dies from eight coins), Trident (three dies from 13 coins) and Star (four dies from 16 coins).20 The style of these issues varies widely. The large, somewhat clumsy lettering on the obverse of the Club and Quiver issues, for example, is closer to the early groups of Type 2. In general, however, the smallness of the obverse head and the neat simplicity of the head-gear places this group towards the end of the series. A distinctive feature of the reverse also guarantees the place of these issues 1S For the dies see: Hirsch 170(1991) 459, GM 24 (1983) 44, Leu 18 (1977) 171, NFA 5 (1978) 142 (Cantharus); Stack's 17/8.ix.80, 146 (Bull forepart); Pixodarus 6, Monnaies de Collection 13/5.X.80, 277, Hirsch 167 (1990) 386 (Stag's head). For Astragalos II see above n. 15. 19 For the dies see: Pixodarus 8 and 9, Auctiones 13 (1983) 257, Triton 1 (1997) 514 (Cock r.); Pixodarus 10 and 11 (Cock I.); Pixodarus 12, Sotheby 21/2.vi.90 (Bunker Hunt II), 466), SNG vA 7344, Leu 74 (1988) 228, Pixodarus 13, Pixodarus 14 (Bee). Cock r. and Cock 1. are linked by the dies of Triton 1 (1997) 514 and J. Hirsch 25 (1909) 1758. For the die link of Cock 1. and Bee cf. Pixodarus hoard 11 and 12. 20 Obverse die links: Paris, de Luynes 2474 (Club) and Peus 351 (1997) 201 (Quiver); SNG vA 1217 (Quiver) and Traite, pi. 178, 16 (Bucranium); Berlin, von Fritzc 30 (Bucranium) and Pixodarus 16 (Wreath); Pixodarus 17 and 18 (Wreath) and Pixodarus 19 (Trident); Pixodarus 21 (Trident) and BMC 129 (Star). 170 Pixodarus Hoard close to those of the previous group. At the back of the lion's head, from the beginning of the type 2 series a border of dots runs up level with the ear and stops. On three of the reverses used for the Bee issue in group D, however, this border extends to the top of the head. This peculiarity is found again on reverses of the group E issues with Trident and Star.21 r-Club |— Quiver |— Bucranium (Pixodarus hd.) j_ Wreath (Pixodarus hd.) |_ Trident (Pixodarus hd.) — Star (Pixodarus hd.) Conclusion In total 22 different issues can so far be identified, and 44 obverse dies. Some dies, and indeed some issues are represented by just a single specimen, however, and the likelihood is that more of both remain to be discovered. Of the five groups identified above for Type 2 (A-E) all are represented in the Pixodarus hoard. Moreover, while only 11 of the issues can certainly be said to have been represented in the hoard, at least one new specimen of every other known issue (with the exception of the corn-ear issue of group A) has appeared on the market since 1979, and it is highly likely that the hoard originally contained virtually a complete series of the Type 2 issues of Cyzicus. We can thus say with complete certainty that the mint of Cyzicus had finished minting its Chian weight coinage by c. 341/0 at the latest. The combined evidence of the Durasalar and Pixodarus hoards allows us to state that the reduced ethnic Type 2 tetradrachms were produced between c. 390 and 341/0 BC. ARM COLOPHON The issue of Colophon contained in the Pixodarus hoard is discussed above in the publication of the Hecatomnus hoard. The Pixodarus hoard contained at least one tetradrachm of this issue (coin 6 below), and possibly two others (coins 1 and 2). The appearance of all three of these coins, which must have been minted by c. 385 BC at the latest, is deceptively fresh. They had, at some point, clearly been removed from circulation for a considerable period. The following list is excerpted from the full catalogue produced in the publication of the Hecatomnus hoard above (p. 97). The coins are illustrated on Plate 6. Compare eg. Pixodarus 12, 21 and 22. 171 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONuk AND MEADOWS Obv. Head of Apollo I., laureate, hair rolled. Rev. Cithara. Full ethnic KOAO-<E>-f2NION around from I. Abbreviated magistrate's name below. Whole in incuse square. Go(-) Al/Pl 1 14.89 330 NFA 20 (1988) 723. Sotheby (Zurich) 26.X.93, 52. 2 15.17 NAC 18(2000)211. A2/P4 6 Hurter, Price Studies, pi. 31. 12. Pixodarus Hoard Ephesus (Kinns) Introduction The Pixodarus hoard included some 600 tetradrachms of Ephesus,22 of which just three were of the early, curved-wing type, in stark contrast to the Hecatomnus hoard, where a quantity of the curved-wing tetradrachms was accompanied by a mere handful with straight wings. Taken together the two hoards allow a skeleton chronology to be proposed for the first time. In 1880 Head provided an alphabetical listing of the magistrates known to him in the two series. He recorded five names in the former, 83 in the latter, and apart from the piecemeal publication of new varieties little advance has been made until now.23 In 1989 I reported 26 names in the curved-wing type, 219+ in the straight-wing series, and estimated that the total number of obverse dies consumed by the whole issue was c. 150-200+, making this 'the largest and most continuous silver coinage produced in Ionia and perhaps indeed the whole of Western Asia Minor during the Persian period.'24 Within the context of the present hoard publication it has not been possible to undertake a complete die study, not least because illustrations of only about 25% of the Pixodarus hoard coins were actually available to me, although a fairly complete photographic record is understood to exist. What follows is an analysis based on some 980 coins, assembled from public and private collections, auction catalogues and dealers' lists, with the likelihood that a large proportion of examples appearing on the market in the past twenty years in fact derive from the Pixodarus hoard. It is a reasonable assumption that this sample is both large and representative enough to allow firm conclusions to be drawn, while falling short of the ideal. We await the full corpus being prepared by Dr Stefan Karwiese. 138 obverse dies have been securely identified, and 209 different names of magistrates, but the numbers of extant dies and issues are certainly considerably higher. In the case of obverse dies a further 10-15 are known to exist which for a variety of reasons could not be included, while at least ten additional names are reliably reported, but far more important is the unsurprising fact that a substantial -2 There were also four early didrachms showing considerable wear, of the types bee/plain incuse reverse. Three of these were issues with magistrate's name on the obverse; one was anonymous. The issues with name have been catalogued and discussed above in the publication of the Hecatomnus hoard (above pp. 98-99 and 102. Plate 6). The issue without name is illustrated as Plate 6, B. 23 Head, NC 1880, pp.112 and 117-20. 24 REA 91 (1989), p. 188 172 Pixoclarus Hoard number of names appeared on two or more occasions. Recognition of this phenomenon has been a crucial factor in the development of this study, and I now believe that there is evidence for 28 such repeated names, with AHMArOPHX making four separate appearances, and ZQIAOI, 0EOAQPOX, MANTIKPATHX and nEPIITPATOI three each.25 In many cases the chronological 'distance' between appearances is such that homonyms in different generations must be the explanation. In others we may be dealing with the same magistrate, signing after an interval. The result is that the 209 distinct names conceal some 250 actual issues. The 138 obverse dies have been arranged in ten classes (A-J), in what seems likely to be their actual sequence. For each class two complementary tabulations have been provided, first by dies (pp. 174-85 and 201-6 below), with listings of representative examples (published, where possible), second by magistrates (in alphabetical order) with the dies they are known to have used. Definition of the classes has relied heavily on the discovery of reverse links between obverse dies. These have been indicated by brackets in the tables of magistrates, but full listing is beyond the scope of the present study, which does not pretend to be a corpus. For the same reason no attempt has been made to record the developing and readily observable die wear (often of a severe character) of the many obverses shared by two or more different magistrates, although the sequential numbering of the obverse dies (from 1 to 174, with gaps) is intended to be chronological if somewhat schematic, both within the classes and as a whole. It must here be emphasised that with the exception of class A and possibly H and J we are not dealing with simple linear series of successive magistrates, who might be placed in order, but usually with groups of magistrates striking together, using two or more dies in common. It has accordingly seemed more important at this stage to identify the membership of each class, in terms of obverses and magistrates. Establishment of the detailed internal chronology within each class remains a challenge for the future. The placing of the 90 issues presently confined to single obverse dies and the 33 obverses used by single magistrates will be relatively simple. At the other end of the scale there are 41 instances of magistrates using four or more obverses (up to a maximum of nine) within a class, and 90 obverses used in common by three or more magistrates, with three cases (obverses 2, 123 and 147) where a single obverse die is attested with the reverses of 14 or 15 magistrates. Such extremes are probably beyond realistic possibility of precise resolution. The establishment of the ten separate classes has depended primarily on die-links, aided by observation of magistrates' names and style. As an example, where two obverse dies, not actually linked, but of similar style, are used by two or more magistrates in common it is a reasonable assumption that they belong together. A valuable series of hoards, whose contents are known with some degree of accuracy, has allowed the sequence of classes to be proposed. The Hecatomnus (CH 9. 387) and Durasalar (IGCH 1201) hoards both have class A tetradrachms alone, in association with the earlier curved wing type. The Yaka hoard of c. 365 (IGCH 1214)26 comprises tetradrachms of classes A-D, with very complete representation of class C in particular. Next comes the Tademlik' hoard of c. 350 (IGCH 1218), with tetradrachms from classes A-F, with C and D now present 25 The repeated names are collected below in tabular form (p. 186). 26 The burial dates adopted here for the Yaka and Pademlik hoards follow the findings of Konuk, Hecatomnids, pp. 106ff. 173 Ashton, Hardwick, Kinns, Konuk andMeadows in strength, but relatively few examples from E and F. The Pixodarus hoard gives us a very full picture of classes A-G, with F and G providing the freshest coins and the most die-duplicates, but classes H, I and J appear to be completely absent. The precise burial date of the Fethiye hoard {IGCH 1266) is disputed, but the fact that examples from class H (as well as classes B-G) are present would suggest that its Ephesian content at least is slightly later than that of the Pixodarus hoard. However that may be, the unpublished hoard (CH 9. 463) discovered in c. 1994 with 62+ Ephesian tetradrachms in association with Magnesia, the Hecatomnids and Rhodes (down to c. 320 or even later), has proved crucial in identifying the 'post-Pixodarus' section of the Ephesian series. Alongside isolated examples from classes C-G (and three from H), no fewer than 44 of the 62 tetradrachms belong to class I, with many die-duplicates and mostly showing little wear. For class J we have no hoard provenances, but it will be shown that the close connection of this group with other Ephesian issues tends to suggest that it is the last in the long series. Absolute dates for the ten classes remain elusive, but their sequence rests on reasonably secure foundations. Supporting evidence will be presented in the sections of commentary devoted to individual classes. As a working hypothesis that takes account of the hoard evidence, an approximate absolute chronology may be proposed: c. 390-380 BC Classes A and B (Obverses 1-7) c. 380-370 BC Class C (Obverses 8-32. The actual number of dies is 35+) c. 370-360 BC Classes d and E (Obverses 45-48 and 50-56, 60-74) c. 360-350 BC Class F (Obverses 80-100) c. 350-340 BC Class G (Obverses 111-128) c. 340-325 BC Classes H, I and J (Obverses 130-137, 140-168, 171-174) It must however be emphasised that these date brackets do not carry any implication that minting was continuous. It is more likely, and consistent with the practice of other coinages, that periods of intense activity were often succeeded by substantial intervals, without fresh production of coin. Class A Obverses27 Obverse 1 KONQN (Sternberg 19, 189), 77YOOMANAPOZ(Leu 54,130)*. Obverse 2 ArHNOPlAHX (Peus 315, 93), AHMOSTPATOI (Oxford, ex Hesperia Art Bull. 26, 26), AIONYXIKAHX I (2001 hoard), EOKAHZ (Peus 334, 425, ex Leu 13, 224, SNG vA 1830)', OAAniZ (Durasalar), i0>ITOS (Lanz 92, 264), KAPNQT (BMC 48), KONQN (Hess 247, 153), AAKQN (SBV 29, 137, ex Kress 93, 213, Rosenberg 9.iii.l4, 122), NIKOMHAHZ (Pixodarus), ZANNIfiN (Hirsch 160, 200), TAYPEAL (BM 1912), THAEMAXOI (Durasalar), <PEPAIO£ I (Stack's 4.xii.84, 28, ex Hcss-Lcu 6.xii.66, 431, Hesperia Art Bull. 15, 33), OIAOKPATHX (Monnaies de Collection [Monte Carlo] 13.x.80, 325). Obverse 3 ErAHAOI (Vienna 35941, ex Egger 46, 843), EKATAIOE (Durasalar), innOAAMAI (Wulfing 320), mnOTHI (Berk 88, 178), KAPNQY (Berk 88, 177), TIArKPATIAHI (Peus 357, 298, ex Peus 353, 170, Peus 351, 215)*, TYPIAAOZ (Pixodarus). 27 In the following tabulation by dies known Pixodarus hoard coins are indicated by the magistrate's name in italics and the provenance in bold, as e.g. (Obverse 1) I1YOOMANAPOE(Leu 54,130). 174 Pixodarus Hoard Obverse 4 ErAHAOZ (Cummings FPL 44, G31), EKATAIOE (Pixodarus), EniOPUN (Winterthur 2906), EXEAEfiE (BM 1947)*, HrHTQP (MMAG FPL 535, 10, ex Hirsch 166, 342), innOTHZ (Rauch 47, 154) KAE1TOPIOE (Pixodarus), MENEKPAITHE I (SNG Cop. 231), EANNAE (Pixodarus), TYPIAAOS (2001 hd.). Class B Obverses Obverse 5 AH1AEQN (NCirc. 1972, 1745, ex Myers 5. 197), AlOAQPOE I (GM 69, 331, ex Hirsch 179, 405, Spink America 3.V.95, 191), AlONYTAI (GM 30. 2394), XHNOAOTOEI (Pixodarus), nPQPOIIOI (McClean 8075), IANNAI (Berk 30, 83), &GKYAOEI (Pixodarus)*. Obverse 6 AHIAEQN (Pixodarus), AlOAQPOE I (Pixodarus)", AlONYTAI (Pixodarus), IHNOAOTOII (Hirsch 158, 105), I1PQPOEIOE (Nummorum Auctiones 1, 296). Obverse 7 AIOAQPOII (CNG 41, 546), XHNOAOTOEI (Berk 88,185), flPaPOIIOI (BM 1929)*. Class C Obverses Obverse 8 APISTOAHMOS (Leu 7, 221), 1QIAOL I (Pixodarus)*, KOMHI1 (Auctiones 20, 1359), nANAIfiN (Paris 403, ex Waddington 1537), nOAYKAHS (2001 hd.). Obverse 9 APIITOAHMOZ (BMC 33)". Obverse 10 APIETOAHMOZ (Pixodarus)*, IQIAOI I (BM 1929), UANAIC2N (Berk 88, 180), TJOA YKAHE (Pixodarus). Obverse 11 APIZTOAHMOI (Elsen FPL 75, 19, ex 62, 56, ex 54, 47, ex Schlessinger 4.H.35, 1255), KOMHI 1 (2001 hd.), riANAIQN (CNA 28, 168)*, FlOAYKAHE (BM 1979). Obverse 12 XQBITAL (Pixodarus)*. Obverse 13 AHMArOPHE I (CNG 41, 544), IftlAOX I (CNG 31. 324), MErAKAHZ (CNG 38, 323), nOAYEYKTOL (Paris 405), nOAYKAHI (Hess 202, 2575, ex Hamburger ll.vi.30, 325), IJOA YOKTOE (CNR 21.2, p. 29)*. Obverse 14 XQIAOEI (Athena 2, 142)*. Obverse 15 XQIAOEI (Hirsch 173, 369), KOMHS I (ANS, ex Santamaria 7.iii.l0, 808), nOAYKAHS (BMC 51)*. Obverse 16 nANAIQN(Pixodarus)*, nOAYKAHX (SNG Cop. 237). Obverse 17 flOAYKAHS (Coin Galleries 9.xi.82, 149)*. 175 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS Obverse 18 BAAAIOOE (Pixodarus)", TAAYKQN (Berk 32, 97), ETIirONOE (MMAG Germany 4, 140). EniNIKOl (Mullcr 71, 217), MErAKAHZ (Hirsch 197, 242), MENEKPA THE II (Pixodarus), MITETQP (Pixodarus), I1ANAIQN (Egger 45, 570), UOAYEYKTOE (Pixodarus), IIOAYKAHX (Sotheby 3.V.84, 112), nYOONIKOL (McClean 8076). Obverse 19 APIETQNAE (Hirsch 183, 417, ex 173, 370), AHMATOPHE I (Pozzi 2425)*, EnirONOX (GM 30, 2393), HTEAOXOE (Rauch 49, 192), OlftNOI (MMAG 13, 1167, ex Imhoof-Blumer, RSN 13, p. 62 no.l). Obverse 20 APIETQNAE (Rauch 49,191), TAAYKQN (BM 1929)*, EnirONOI (BM 1929). Obverse 21 APIETQNAE (Pcus 330, 107), BAAAIOOI (NFA MB 18.X.90, 757), ETIirONOE (Pixodarus), ETIINIKOE (Pixodarus), HTEAOXOE (Pixodarus)", MENEKPATHL II (Ponterio 91, 103), OIQNOI (Kricheldorf 22, 92), ITYOONIKOZ (BM 1929). Obverse 22 BAAAIOOL (SNG Cop. 218), EnirONOZ (Kastner 6, 120), MHXTQP (2001 hd.), OIQNOI (BM 1912)* Obverse 23 TAA YKQN (MMAG FPL 598, 4 , ex Spink America 3.V.95, 192)*, EIlirONOX (NFA MB 18.X.90, 758, ex Kress 91, 85), MET A KAHE (Pixodarus), OI&NOL (Oxford, ex H. Weber 5841). Obverse 24 TAA YKQN (Hirsch 175, 340, ex 171, 300), EIlirONOX ('Magnesia' hd.)*. Obverse 25 TAA YKQN (Spink 125, 47, ex 121, 67)*, AHMArOPHX I (Sotheby 3.V.84, 106 part) ETIirONOE (Rauch 49,190). Obverse 26 TAA YKQN (Oxford), AHMATOPHZ I {BMC 37)*, ETIirONOE (Sotheby NY 19.vi.91, 341), KOMHZ I (Manchester 1205, ex Glendining 19.ix.l8, 83), MErAKAHS (SNG Cop. 230). Obverse 27 TAAYKHN (Paris 385), AHMATOPHZ I (Berk 78, 225), MHXTQP (BM 1929)*. Obverse 28 AHMATOPHEI (MMAG FPL 422,1)". Obverse 29 KOMHEI (Pixodarus)*. Obverse 30 OIQNOE (Pixodarus)*. Obverse 31 nANAIQN (BM 1929)*. Obverse 32 nOAYOKTOI (Rauch 42, 3040, ex Hirsch 159, 328)". 176 Pixodarus Hoard Class D Obverses Obverse 45 AHMOKAHZ (SNG Cop. 219), OPAZYAOXOZ (Pixodarus)', KOMHZ I (SNG Cop. 228), MENOITIOZ I (Vienna 33908, ex E.F. Weber 2785), OIAHNQP (GM 44, 369). Obverse 46 AHMOKAHZ (Pixodarus). OPAZYAOXOZ (BM 1929)", MENOITIOII (Pixodarus). Obverse 47 AHMOKAHZ (Hirsch 196, 331, ex 186, 341), OPAZYAOXOZ (BM 1979, ex SNG vA 7822)*, KOMHII (Monetarium FPL 47, 43). Obverse 48 AHMOKAHZ (Kovacs MB 6, 110), OPAZYAOXOZ (Elsen MB 2, 38, FPL 65, 31, FPL 38, 10, FPL 29, 11, ex Monnaies de Collection [Monte Carlo] 13.X.80, 324), KAEIZIAEQZ (Paris 413). ZIMAAIQN (Oxford 1929)*. Obverse 50 rOPmilAZ (Peus 351, 213, ex Rauch 58, 101)*, OPAZYAOXOZ (Boston 1824), KAYTIOZ (2001 hd.). KOMHZ I (Kricheldorf 3, 1217, ex MMAG 10, 292), MNHZIOIAOZ (Hess 6.L26, 335), ZIMAAIQN (MMAG FPL 512, 31, ex Lanz 34, 256)'. Obverse 51 rOPmriAZ (CNG 36, 2005), OPAZYMHAHZ (BM 1947. ex Sotheby 6.xii.07, 81), KAEIZIAEQZ (Birkler & Waddell 1, 135, cx MMAG 54, 287, ex MMAG FPL 313. 1), KAYTIOZ (SNG Delep. 2598), KYNIZKOZ (McClean 8074), MENEZinnOZ (BM 1929), MNHZKP1AOZ (Nummorum Auctiones 14, 580 ex CNG 33, 274), OPXAMENIOZ (Pixodarus)*, ZIMAAIQN (Pixodarus). Obverse 52 TOPrariAZ (BMC 35), OPAZYMHAHZ (Pixodarus), KAYTIOZ (Pixodarus; NAC B, 1423, ex NFA MB 14.xii.89, 575, ex Schulten 12.iv.84, 75), KYNIZKOZ (Kovacs MB 6, 111). MNHZI01AOZ (Pixodarus)*, OPXAMENIOZ (Auctiones 22, 281, ex NAC 2. 189). Obverse 53 KAEIZIAEQZ (Pixodarus)", MNHZI0IAOZ (Lanz 24, 326). Obverse 54 KAEIZIAEQZ (BM 1929)", KAYTIOZ (Grunow FPL 52, ill. 1086), MNHZIOIAOZ (ANS), ZIMAAIQN (Naville 12, 1785, ex Locker Lampson 302, cx White King 224). Obverse 55 KAYTIOZ (BM 1936), MNFIZI&IAOZ (GM 92, 206)*. ZIMAAIQN (CNG 35, 282). Obverse 56 KAEIZIAEQZ (2001 hd ). KYNIZKOZ (BM 1912)', MENEZinnOZ (Oxford), ZIMAAIQN (2001 hd.). Class E Obverses Obverse 60 KYNIZKOZ (Pixodarus)*, n POM EN HZ (Paris 406. ex Waddington 1539), OIAITHZ (KM 21, 68), <t>YPTAZ (GM 84, 5309). 177 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KJNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS Obverse 61 APlXTArOPHI (BM 1929), AEJNOZTPA TOZ (Pixodarus), EOEAOQN I (KM 33, 63, ex Berliner MK 13, 53, ex 12, 30), EENAPHX (GM 97, 367), nOAYAAMAZ(Asta Ceresio 3, 117)', OIATTHX (GM 73, 154). Obverse 62 (veined wing) APIZTATOPHZ (Spink America 3.V.95, 193)*, nPOMENHX (Hess-Leu 12.V.70, 261, ex SNG vA 1833). Obverse 63 (veined wing) OIA1THX (GM 69, 332, cx Alhena 2, 144)* Obverse 64 (veined wing) 0>IAITH£ (Monetarium FPL 48, 21)*, Obverse 65 (veined wing) AIONYXIKAHX II (McClean 8069), KPATINOS (GM 55, 284), TIPOMENHZ (Pixodarus)". &YPTAZ (Pixodarus). Obverse 66 AEINOLTPA TOZ (Pixodarus)". Obverse 67 EENAPHX (BM 1929)*. Obverse 68 KPATINOI (Empire Coins 12, 103)*. Obverse 69 5ENAPHS (Brussels, du Chastel 257), POAIOS (Hespcria Art Bull. 40/41, 92), ZQZIKPATHZ (Pixodarus)*. Obverse 70 AKIOZ ('Magnesia' hd.f, AYKQN (Monetarium FPL 55, 93), IKYMNOI (BM 1939). Obverse 71 EOEAOQN I (GM 32, 88), KPATINOZ (Pixodarus)", AEO&PQN (Pixodarus), AYKQN (Paris 395), POAIOZ (Pixodarus), ZQLIKPATHX (GM 22, 106). Obverse 72 AYKQN (BM 1937, ex Hess 207, 564, ex Naville 10, 686, Pozzi 2426)*. Obverse 73 AYKQN (Lanz, 42, 228)*, POAIOL (BM 1929). Obverse 74 AIOTIMIAAZ I (Berk 34, 133)*. Class F Obverses Obverse 80 AOHNOMANAPOI (Paris 376, ex Waddington 1523 = Traite, pi. 152, 24), A HMA TOP HZ 11 (MMAG FPL 423, 15), AIOTIMIAAZl (Pixodarus)*, IQBIOI (Kress 159, 445, ex 152, 185, cx 142, 172), OEAITOZ (Pixodarus), AEO&PQN (Hirsch 127, 3057), MANTIKPA THZI (Berk 88, 179), MEAArrPIAAZ (Pixodarus), nANTAINETOE (Sternberg 20.xi.81, 124), nPQTOI (Berlin), TIMOAAZ (Berk 88,183). 178 Pixodarus Hoard Obverse 81 APTEMIAQPOL (Monnaies de Collection 5, 128), AIOT1M1AAZ I (Ratto 26.iv.09, 3828), XHNOAOTOE II (Lanz 18, 107, ex NFA 7, 197), IQ1AOZ II (Oxford), innOKPITOE I (NFA 9, 253)*, AEOOPQN (Bourgey 7.xi.83, 73, ex Bourgey 13.xi.80, 60, ex Ward sale 561, Ward 657), MYE(NAC B, 1442), nPQTOZ (BM 1915), IIYPQN (CNG 43, 535). Obverse 82 MYZ (CNR 20.3, p. 17), YIPQ.TOE (Pixodarus)'. Obverse 83 AIOT1M1AAII (Hirsch 178. 313)". Obverse 84 EOEAGQN I (McClean 8071), IHNOAOTOZ II (Paris 388, dc Luynes 2593), IQ1AOI II (SBV 33, 294, ex GM 28, 3309), ITinOKPlTOE I (SBV 21, 72;* Spink America 3.V.95, 195), KAAA1AAMAE (Hirsch 195, 275, ex 191, 415, ex 183, 416), MYZ (KM 42, 54, ex Peus 274, 1620, ex Kress 144, 176), flYPQN (2001 hd.). Obverse 85 IQBIOI (BMC 52), KAAAIAAMAI (BM 1929)*. Obverse 86 AIOTIMIAAII (BM 1904)*, AEOOPQN (J. Cummings FPL 30, G16), MANT1KPA THE I (Berk 106, 240), MEAAITP1AAI {BMC 49), N El AOIOENHX (Munzzenlrum 62, 242), THAEETPA TOE (Pixodarus), T1MOAAI (BM 1929), OANATOPHZ (Paris 411). Obverse 87 AMYNTQPI (Pixodarus), AIATOPAE I (Pixodarus), KAAAIAAMAE (Pixodarus)*, MEAAITPIAAI (Oxford 1929), NEIAOEOENHE (Pixodarus; Berk 88, 184), THAEETPATOI (Paris 409). Obverse 88 AHMArOPIIS II (Krichcldorf 22, 90), AIArOPAS I (Hirsch 198, 220), MANTIKPATHX I (Kress 186, 611, ex 185, 396), <PANArOPHE (Pixodarus)*. Obverse 89 AHMATOPHEII (Hirsch 183, 410)*, TIMOAAI (Oxford 1929), OANAEOPHI (Lcpczyk 56, 631). Obverse 90 AOHNOMANAPOE (Hirsch 173, 368), AMYNTQP I (Kricheldorf 39, 73, ex GM 33, 174; Hirsch 163, 391; Hirsch 167, 422; Hirsch 176, 221; Rauch 49, 188), APTEMIAQPOE (Pixodarus), AI IMA TOP HE 11 (Hirsch 184, 245), EOEAOQN I (Elsen FPL 73, 21, ex 69, 17), OEA1TOL (GM 29, 2581), NE1AOIOENHX (SNG Cop. 233, ex J. Hirsch 29, 720), T1ANTAINETOE (Pixodarus)*, <t>ANATOPHE (Pixodarus), cpQKYAOZ II (BM 1935 [NC 1936, pi. 12, 11]). Obverse 91 .THNOAOTOEII (Tradart 12.xii.91, 151)*, XQIAOEII (MMAG FPL 503, 19, ex 495, 20), FIANTAINETOI (Oxford). EKYMNOE(Pixodarus). Obverse 92 AHMArOPhlE II (Asta Ceresio I, 124;* Leu FPL Aut. 98, 71), EOEAOQN I (SNG vA 1829), LQBIOI (BM 1912), OEAITOL (Auctiones 8. 256), OEOAQPOEI (Berk 88, 182), nAPGENIOI (Paris 402), UOAYXHAOE I (Peus 332,192). 179 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS Obverse 93 TONEOE (Pixodarus), EOEAOQNI (Monetarium FPL 48, 22), OEOAQPOI I (Auctiones 26, 217, ex 3, 175), KAAAIAAMAE(Peus 311, 244)". Obverse 94 A0HNOMANAPOS (BM 1929), TIAPOENIOE (Pixodarus; MMAG FPL 469.25; private coll.*; MMAG Germany 4, 141). THAEETPATOE (KM 53, 337, ex 30, 58; Berk 88, 181), <DQKYAOI II(Hirsch 169,410). Obverse 95 ALTYKPATHX (CNG 42, 447), lUnOKPITOE I (CNG 38, 322)*, KAEOAOXOE (Pixodarus), EKOUHE (Pixodarus). Obverse 96 AETYKPA THE (Pixodarus)*, innOKPlTOEI (Lanz 24, 325; CNG 36, 2006, ex NAC 8, 278). Obverse 97 EPAEIAAAE (SKAB 2, 223), IIinOKPITOE I (Pixodarus)*, T1YP£2N (Magnesia), THAELTPATOS (Vinchon 2.xii.75, 117), <PANArOPHX (Boston 1825). Obverse 98 AITYKPATHX (2001 hd.), innOKPITOE I (BMC 47)", FIYPQN (BM 1912). Obverse 99 AETYKPA THE (Pixodarus)*, IlYPiQN (Oxford 1929). Obverse 100 TJYPQN (Pixodarus)*. Class G Obverses Obverse 111 OAYMniOAQPOI ('Magnesia' hd.), nEAAr^N (ANS)\ Obverse 112 AnOAAOAQPOS (BMC 32)*, OAYMniOAnPOS (Peus 283, 125), IIAYSANIAX (MMAG 41, 188), FIEAAraN (Schlessinger4.ii.35, 1256). Obverse 113 AnOAAOAQPOI (NFA 22, 313, ex NFA 14, 145)", APXEAOXOE (Pixodarus), IHNQN (Dewing 2269), KAEANAPIAHE (Pixodarus), MNHEAPXOE1 (Leu 72, 260). Obverse 114 AnOAAOAQPOE (Pixodarus)*, MNHZAPXOX I (Hirsch 170, 502). Obverse 115 APXEAOXOZ (Paris 382), BAOSQN (C. Burgan 11.v.85, 186), 1HNQN (NFA MB 27.vi.86, 362), KAEANAPIAHS (BM 1914)*, A EH AA MAX I (Elsen FPL 37, 15, ex Berliner MK 13, 50), MNHXAPXOII (Berliner MK 13, 51), EENOOQN (MMAG Germany 8, 174), OAYMIHAAHX (GM 22, 107). Obverse 116 APXEAOXOI (Kricheldorf 31,113), IHNQN (NFA 1, 164), HTEKAHX (Paris 389 = Traite, pi. 152, 27)*, OPASYAAOZ (Myers 6, 186), KAEANAPIAHX (Kastner 4, 104), MANT1KPATHI11 (BM 1929), TJEIOHNQP (Leu 74, 233), flEPIXTPATOL I (Athena 2, 141). 180 Pixodarus Hoard Obverse 117 OEIIAAOI (SNG Munich 28), OPAIYAAOI (McClcan 8072, ex Montagu 1, 565)*, flAYIANlAI (Hirsch 156, 183), IIMQN (CNG 31. 325, ex Gans FPL 30, 7446. cx Kress 123, 162a, ex 120, 266). Obverse 118 HPOrEITQN (Pixodarus), OEOAQPOEU (Leu 65, 203, ex 25, 144)'. METAAHTQP (Pixodarus), MEAHEANAPOE(Pixodarus), nANTAAEQN(Pixodarus). Obverse 119 BOIQTOE (MMAG FPL 456, 1, ex SKAB 1, 123), EPAEIETPATOE(Pixodarus)*, OEEEAAOE (Pixodarus), IAEQE (Pixodarus), MErAAHTQP (GM 33, 176, ex Schultcn 22.iv.85, 155), MOPIMOE (Pixodarus), nEPIITPATOI I (Oxford 1929). Obverse 120 AHMArOPHI III (Hirsch 148, 91)*, EPAIIITPATOI (2001 hd.), IAEQE (NFA 7, 198), MENinnOI (Peus 353, 171), MOP1MOI (Glendining l.ix.76, 28). Obverse 121 BAOEQN (Pixodarus), AHMOKPA THE (NFA MB 14.xii.89, 576), NEOMAE (Aufhauser 6, 142 ex TNA 1,108). EENOKAHEI (Pixodarus; Sternberg 15.xi.79,38)*. Obverse 122 BAOEQN (Paris 383 ex Waddinglon 1527), AHMOKPATHI (Naville 12, 1787), HTEKAHI (SNG Munich 27), MANTIKPATHI II (BM 1898)', MENlimOE (Pixodarus), NEOMAI (Hess 254, 205), riElOHNQP (Empire Coins 12, 105). Obverse 123 APIETONOMOE (Leu 71, 199, ex 30, 174), APTEMQN (NAC 4, 144), BAOIQN (Ciani 11925] 71), AHMOKPATHI (Lanz 70, 115, ex Hirsch 161, 243), HTEKAHE (Leu FPL 19, 6), KAAAIKPA THE (MMAG FPL 490, 6, ex Lanz 36, 350), KAEONIKOE (MMAG FPL 482, 16), MENinnOE (Hirsch 125, 3203, cx Bourgey 5.xii.77, 96), NEOMAE (GM 97, 368), EENOKAHI I (Oxford), IIEIOHNQP (Hirsch 187, 442), flPYTANII I (CNG 45, 410, cx 43, 537), nYPIAA MUHE (Pixodarus)*, XAIPIMENHE1 (Pixodarus). Obverse 124 ANTIAAK1AAE (NFA 8, 247)*, APIETONOMOE (MMAG FPL 523, 16, ex 483, 36, ex Sternberg 25.xi.80, 115), BOIOTOI (Spink America 3.V.95, 190), AHMOKPATHI ('Magnesia1 hd.), AIAE (Pixodarus; Auctiones 18, 742, ex Sternberg 25.xi.80, 114), EOEAOQN II (Pixodarus; Sotheby NY 19.vi.91, 340), EOXQPOEI (Lanz 22, 364, ex Baudey & Pesce U.x.81, 103, ex NFA 8, 248; Peus 316, 184), KAEONIKOE (Berk 88, 176), MENinnOI (Oxford 1929), TIPYTANIEI (Pixodarus), OIAOITPATOI (SNG Munich 29), XAIPIMENHII (Oslo, cx Rasmussen 10.iii.70, 762). Obverse 125 ANTIAAKIAAE (Lanz 26, 241; MMAG 68, 280, ex NFA 7, 196), APIITOAEQN (Paris 379), APIITONOMOI (NFA 33, 223), APTEMQN (Hirsch 171, 299), BOIQTOE (Pixodarus), EOEAOQN II (Peus 357, 299), EOXQPOEI (MMAG FPL 552, 23; GM 58, 389), KAAAIKPA THE (Pixodarus; MMAG FPL 485, 10; Leu 38, 111; Berk 82, 336; KM 69, 130), KAEONIKOE (Tkalec 15.iv.85, 7*; NFA 9, 254; Rauch 53, 75, ex NAC 5, 147), MNHEAPXOEI (SBV 26,130), nPYTANIZ I (Krichcldorf 17, 121). Obverse 126 APIITONOMOI (MMAG FPL 475, 4, cx 433, 1), APTEMQN (Aes Rude 2, 107, ex Collignon 335), BAOIQN (GM 50, 337a), EOXQPOE I (Hirsch 174, 260), MENinnOI (Miiller 30, 159), MNHEAPXOEI (Sternberg 16, 138), riPYTANII I (MMAG FPL 603, 94, ex NAC 11, 82)*, nYPIAAMflHI (Hirsch 183, 409, ex 150, 208). 181 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS Obverse 127 HTEKAHX (Oxford 1929), MANTIKPATHIII (MMAG FPL 458, 22)', MENinnOI (Navillc 16, 1393). Obverse 128 APTEMQN (Pixodarus)*. Class H Obverses Obversel30 AAKinnOI (BMC 3l)\ AMYNTHS (Oxford 1929: Fethiye hd.), EOXQPOI II (Rauch 38, 62), nEPIITPATOZ II (Auctiones 25, 452, ex 23, 334, ex MMAG FPL 329, 178). Obverse 131 EOXQPOX II (Berlin, ex Schlessinger 4.ii.35, 1257), nEPlZTPATOI II (BMC 50)". Obversel32 nEPISTPATOI IT (Paris, SNG Delep. 2600)*. Obversel33 AMYNTHE ('Magnesia' hd.)*. Obversel34 nEPIZTPATOI II (BM 1929: Fethiye hd.)*. Obversel35 nEPISTPATOS II (Seaby 1-2.86, B16)*. Obversel36 AYTOXOQN (Elsen 63, 426 ex Kress 116, 389)*. Obversel37 AYTOXOQN (GM 78, 187: 'Magnesia' hd.)", TEPHNIOE (GM 90, 317), nEPIITPATOI 11 (Hesperia Art Bull. 40, 83). Class I Obverses Obverse 140 AEIONIKOE (ANS, ex Cahn 66, 305)*. Obverse 141 AAPAANOI (Superior 11.vi.86, 1142), AIOTIMOE (Spink NCirc ix/83, 5387, ex Spink 25, 100)*, AEQAAMAS II (BM 1937). Obverse 142 AAKEIAHE (BMC 30), ANAPOOOPBOL (Hirsch 188, 256)*, IHNHL (Hirsch 187, 441), MENOITIOZ II (BM 1929), riHAE4>OL I (BM 1898), XIMAPOZ (MMAG FPL 150, 12). Obverse 143 ANAPOITHX (Pegasi 4, 175, ex GM 81, 307)*, IHNHZ (Hunter 4), MErAAAHX (Paris 397). Obverse 144 AINEAI (BMC 38)*, AAKEIAHI (Hirsch 184, 244), AMOIAOXOL (Private coll.), ANAPOOOPBOS (ebay 1213083330), A]HMAr[OPHI IV (Knopek 7.xii.79, 196), IHNHX (Paris 387 cx Waddington 1528), niTOEOI (Hirsch 191. 414), niTOEYOL (Oxford), XAIPITHI (Grunow FPL 48, 479 ex FPL 47, 8465: 'Magnesia' hd.). 182 Pixodarus Hoard Obverse 145 AINEAI (Lanz 62, 326), AMOIAOXOI (Baldwin 24. 597 ex 23, 723), APXIAAMOI {BMC 34)*, KAYITPIOI (Paris 392 ex Waddington 1531), IIOAAAEIPIOI (Berk 67, 137), XAIPITHI (Hirsch 196, 330: 'Magnesia' hd.). Obverse 146 AINEAI ('Magnesia- hd.), APXIAAMOI (Bourgcy 13.vi.86, 44), AIOTIMOI (McClean 8070), IENOKAHI II (ANS)*, niTOEOI (Grunow FPL 47, 8463: 'Magnesia' hd.). Obverse 147 APXIAAMOI ('Magnesia' hd.), AANAOI {BMC 36)*, EKATOKAHI (BM 1915), IQIAOI III (Hirsch 195, 274), IfinOIOENHI (ANS - Kcllcy), KAEAI (Aufhauser 12, 163: 'Magnesia' hd.), MANT1KPATHI III (Paris 378), MNHIAPXOI II ('Magnesia' hd.), MOIPAIDPAL (Hirsch 197, 244), N1KHI (SNG Tubingen 2763), IIHAEOOI {SNG Keckman II 213), nOAAAEIPIOI (Private coll.), nPYTANH II (Hirsch 199, 167 ex 197, 254), TTMHIIANAE (Kricheldorf 10, 90a ex Navillc 15, 948), OIAOAEQI (Hirsch 204, 357: 'Magnesia' hd). Obverse 148 nOAAAEIPIOI ('Magnesia' hd.)". Obverse 149 MANTIKPATHI III (Paris 396 ex Waddington 1534)", OAYNniXOI (Paris 400), nOAAAEIPIOI {SNG Cop. 235), PIPYTANII II (Hirsch 194, 221 ex 186, 338). Obverse 150 OAYNniXOI (Pozzi 2428)*. Obverse 151 OAYMEUXOI (Nummorum Auctiones 5, 232 ex Kricheldorf 31, 114)'. Obverse 152 I1AATON (Hirsch 202, 155)*. Obverse 153 EOMHAHI (GM 90, 316 ex 84, 5308), EYMHAHI {SNG Cop. 221 ex J. Hirsch 29, 718), OEOAftPOI I I I ('Magnesia' hd), innOLGENHS; (Hirsch 195. 272: 'Magnesia' hd.), NIKHPATOI (Athena 2, 143), I~I O A YIHAOZ II (Hirsch 198, 222: 'Magnesia' hd.), riYOArOPIIS (BM 1979 ex SNG vA 1834)*, OYAAKOI (ANS). Obverse 154 OEOAQPOI III ( Magnesia' hd.)*, 1XTIAIOI {SNG Cop. 226), KAEOMHAHZ (Hirsch 208, 1723 ex 205, 294, ex 203, 291 ex 187, 438), nOAYIHAOI II (J. Hirsch 32, 537), OYAAKOI (BM 1912). Obverse 155 ErAHAOI II (Coin Galleries 18.vi.74, 252), EYKTITOZ (Naville 12, 1788), IZTIAIOZ (Hirsch 188, 257), KAEOMHAHS (Hirsch 197, 251: 'Magnesia' hd.)". Obverse 156 AMYNTQP II {SNG Cop. 215), rYAinnOI (BM 1954), EKATOKAHI {SNG Cop. 220), EOMHAHX (Kress 136, 244), innOIOENHI {SNG Cop. 225 ex J. Hirsch 29, 719), nHAEOOI I (Hirsch 191. 416 ex 189, 220), FIYOArOPHI (Hirsch 202, 156 ex 185, 268), OEPAIOI IT (Hirsch 196, 329: 'Magnesia' hd.)", OYAAKOI (Hirsch 197, 245: 'Magnesia' hd.). Obverse 157 AMYNTQP II (Grunow FPL 47, 8464). rYAinnOI (Rauch 49, 189), NIKHPATOI (Paris 399), nYOArOPHI (Naville 14, 365 ex Bunbury 156), OEPAIOI II (Rasmussen 10.iii.70, 761 cx Naville 12, 1786)*. 183 ASHTON, HARDW1CK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS Obverse 158 EKATOKAHI (BM 1926)*. Obverse 159 AYKOMHAHI (Oxford ex NCirc 1969, 6067)*. Obverse 160 MANTIKPATHI III (Glendining 10.x.51, 273), MEAANQnOI (MMAG FPL 483, 37), MENTQP (Ratto 4.iv.27, 1924), MNHIAPXOI n (Hirsch 186, 340), MOIPAIDPAI ('Magnesia' hd.)", nPYTANII II (Hindamian 535 cx J. Hirsch 34, 481), TIMHIIANAI (Dewing 2270), XAIPIMENHZ n ('Magnesia' hd.). Obverse 161 AHMOXAPII ('Magnesia' hd.)", KAEAI (BM 1898), MNHIAPXOI II (Egger 46, 844), MNHIIOIAOI II (Schlessinger 4.H.35, 1258), TIMHITANAI (Knobloch FPL 34, 1146), OlAOAEQI (Hirsch 195, 271). Obverse 162 MANTIKPATHI III (Glendining 3.ii.93, 62), MEAANQIIOI (Kress 130, 282), TIMHIIANAE (Hirsch 188, 258 ex 186, 337)*. Obverse 163 IKYOHI (Calm 68, 1455 ex Glendining 15.vii.29, 418)*, TIM]HIIANA£ (Oxford ex Glendining 7.iii.57, 273). Obverse 164 <£>IAOAEQI (BM 1912)*. Obverse 165 APIITAFOPAI (BM 1909), AHMOXAPII (Berk 24, 107), inilQNAE (BM 1929), MEAANIQN ('Magnesia' hd.)*, MENTQP (Glendining 27.v.87, 11 ex Mionnet supp. vi, p. Ill no. 183 LmisdescribedJ), MNHXAPXOI II (Hirsch 197, 248: 'Magnesia' hd.). Obverse 166 AIOAQPOI II (Helbing 24.x.27, 3062), EOHNQP (Hirsch 183, 412), innQNAI (Hirsch 195, 273: 'Magnesia' hd.), NEQN (Vinchon 3.U.86, 32), TIMHI1ANAE (GM 87, 207)*. Obverse 167 APIITATOPAI (Paris 381 ex Waddinglon 1525), EYKTITOI (Berlin ex Cahn 71, 440, Canessa 12.vi.28, 915, Brandis 451), OEMIITATOPAI (SNG Cop. 222), OEO[—] (BM C 45), AYKOMHAHI ('Magnesia' hd.), MEAANIQN (BM 1938 ex Naville 5, 2539)", MENTOP (BM photofile), MNHIAPXOI U ('Magnesia' hd.), NEQN (Berk 29, 113), nHAEOOI I (Hirsch 185, 270), TIMHIIANAE (BM 1898). Obverse 168 EYKTITOI (BMC 41)*, I1HAEOOII (Kress 137, 305). Class J Obverses Obverse 171 ErKAIPIOI (Brussels, de Hirsch 1502), EXEAAMAI (Hirsch 187, 443), NIKIAI (Vedrines 22.vi.82, 38 ex Hirsch 75, 189)*. Obverse 172 ANTIANAPOI (SNG Cop. 216), AIOTIM1AAIII (GM 60, 194)*, innOKPITOI II (Nummorum Auctiones 15, 325), nHAEOOI II (Private coll.), IATTIQN (Hesperia Art Bull. 17, 35), TIMO0E[OI] (ebay 1261830330), [...JAAPOI (Hirsch 183,414). 184 Pixodarus Hoard Obverse 173 IATTIQN (GM 60, 195)". Obverse 174 AIATOPAL II (Hamburger 96, 145, ex Bourgey 14.iv.10, 167), KOMHX II (KM 40, 1059, ex Peus 277, 122), riEPLLTPATOS III (GM 62, 256), FIYQHS (Hirsch 187, 439, ex 183, 413)*. Unattributed and Misread Issues Lack of die information means that a small number of well-attested issues remain unattributed to classes A-J above. They can most conveniently be listed here, along with some misreadings found in older publications. Unattributed APIAEIXHI Head, NC 1881, p. 16, quoting Whittall. An example in Newcastle appears to belong to class I, but the obverse is poorly preserved. APETHX Istanbul. Pademlik Hoard. Probably class D or E. OEOrENHZ Berlin - Sperling. No further information. KTHSIOXOI Vienna 35916. No further information. AEHN Istanbul. Yaka Hoard. Possibly class D AYKIIKOE Head, NC 1880, p. 119, quoting Schottcnstift (Vienna) ilHAEOOE Istanbul. Pademlik Hoard. A name known from classes I and J, but this coin must be from an earlier issue. ZK1PQN Head, NC 1880, p. 120, quoting The Hague (now Leiden 5674). There is another example in Berlin. EKY0HI Istanbul. Pademlik Hoard. A name known from class I, but as with riHAEOOL this coin must be from an earlier issue. ITPATOKAH2 Berlin - Lobbecke. No further information. Misread 'AINEAS' BMC 38. Misreading of AINEAI (previously published correctly by Head, NC 1880 p. 117!). 'AIQN' Head, NC 1881, p. 16, quoting Alexander Grant. Possibly a misreading of OiaNOI? 'EniZTPATOI' Babelon, Traite II.2, no. 1883. No source quoted. Probably a misreading of nEPIETPATOZ. 'HrHZIANAE' Head, NC 1880, p. 119, quoting Imhoof-Blumer. Possibly a misreading of TIMHXIANAS? 'inNQTHZ' Babelon, Traite II.2 no. 1883. TTEPIAATHZ' Babelon, Traite II.2 no. 1883, quoting London. There is no coin in the BM collection that would support this reading, unless the source was BMC 26, a curved wing tetradrachm of APIAA0HX. TJOAYHEN' Babelon, Traite II.2 no. 1883. No source quoted. Probably based on nOAYEHN (Head, NC 1880, p. 120), which was a misreading of nOAYZHAOX (see Head, NC 1881, p. 17). TIOAYKPATHX' Glendining lO.x.51, 273. Misreading of MANTIKPATHI (III - see obverse 160). XOBlor Head, NC 1880, p. 120. Babelon, Traite II.2 no. 1883. Misreading of ZQBIOI. 185 Ashton, Hardwick, Kinns, Konuk and Meadows Repeated Names Class A B C D E F G H I J AMYNTOP I II AHMATOPHZ I II III IV AIArOPAZ I II AIOAQPOI I II AIONYZIKAHX I II AIOT1MIAAI I I II ErAHAOX I II EOEAOQN I I II EOXQPOZ I II ZHNOAOTOI I II ZQIAOI I II III 0EOAQPOI I II III innOKPITOZ I II KOMHX I I II AEDAAMAI I II MANTIKPATHZ I II III MENEKPATHI 1 II MENOITIOX I II MNHIAPXOI I II MNHIIOIAOS I II EENOKAHZ I II nEPIITPATOI I II III nHAEOOZ I II nOAYZHAOZ I II riPYTANIX I II <E>EPAIOX I II <M1KYA0I I II XAIPIMENHX I II In addition to the above repeated names, the following names carry over from one class to the next: EANNAZ(A-B), AHMOKAHI(C-D), KYNIEKOZ (D-E), AEO&PQN (E-F), IKYMNOI (E-F). Commentary Class A That class A represents the first group of straight-wing tetradrachms seems beyond doubt. The evidence of the Durasalar and Hecatomnus hoards, in which fresh class A tetradrachms are associated with generally more worn curved-wing tetradrachms, is surely conclusive for its priority, and stylistic considerations lend powerful support. Both the bees and the stags carry strong reminiscences of their immediate predecessors. The bees, although now with straight wings, retain the prominent head, ball-like thorax, long abdomen and well-developed front legs, while the stags are for the most part rather ungainly creatures with large heads and staring eyes, showing only rudimentary attempts at musculature. The lettering of the magistrates' names tends to be large, while the palm trees are rather small with more interest shown in the trunks than in the foliage. We also find in the class A dies unique features which are not replicated in the other classes, and may therefore be characterised as experimental and suggestive of an early date. Whereas the standard curved-wing bees (obverses 2-12, above pp. 102-5) had exhibited no internal details on the wings, which were plain, obverses 1 to 4 here are clearly attempting a naturalistic representation of the veining; on all subsequent dies, with the exception of 186 Pixodanis Hoard the remarkable obverses 62-65 in class E below, this is replaced by a neat conventionalised pattern of straight or curved lines, usually three or four per wing. Furthermore, the inner ends of wings are distinctly curved, rather than angled as later. The reverses meanwhile include four cases of an aberrant arrangement of the legend. The reverse of MENEKPATHZ1 uniquely has the name in two lines, while those of KAEITOPIOZ and nArKPATIAHZ show the first two letters between the antlers, and that of EOKAHZ has the final letter between the stag's legs. All reverses of classes B-J show the name undivided, in a single line. Class A involves four obverses and 28 magistrates, with the possibility that TYPIAAOZ is the same man who signed curved wing tetradrachms at the end of the previous sequence. The pattern of die use is here largely compatible with a simple succession of magistrates, as obverses 2-4 each came to exhibit substantial signs of wear, and there are only six instances of magistrates using more than one obverse. KONHN appears with obverses 1 and 2, KAPNOT with obverses 2 and 3, ETAHAOZ, EKATAIOZ, innOTHL and TYPIAAOZ with obverses 3 and 4. The contrast with the main later classes (B-G and I), where parallel use of obverse dies by several magistrates seems to be the norm, is marked. This impression is reinforced by the fact that precisely in the later stages of the use of obverse 4 a new style is seen in the reverses of for instance HTHTQP and ZANNAZ, with a smaller and more detailed stag, the name in small letters and a palm tree with luxuriant foliage. This becomes the standard style in the reverses of class B, where ZANNAZ reappears and provides an important bridge between the two groups. Class B The three obverses of class B are not dissimilar to 1-4, but the wings have lost the two peculiarities to which attention was drawn. The veining is now of a conventional pattern, and the inner ends are now much more angular. The reverses no longer recall those of the curved wing tetradrachms, but show a small neat stag, overshadowed by a distinctly shaggy palm tree, and a name in small letters. This was the design first seen at the end of class A, and the close similarity between the two reverses of ZANNAZ confirms the continuity and development from A to B. Class B might indeed have been seen as an appendix to A, were it not for the completely different usage of the dies. Here we find obverses 5, 6 and 7 in apparently simultaneous use, with obverse 5 used by all seven magistrates, 6 by five of them, 7 by three, with one reverse of AIOAQPOZ coupled with all three obverses. Class B can therefore be seen as a separate and brief period of coinage, although following on closely from A. Class C The tetradrachms of class C probably represent the most intense period of production in the history of this coinage, and the true picture is understated in the tables. This group was the most numerous in the Yaka and Pademlik hoards, but unfortunately those coins could not be included in the present study, although they are known to attest some 35 obverses, rather than the 25 (8-32) gathered here from other sources. Only class I, with 29 obverses, approaches this total, and in that case the much larger number of magistrates and the greater variety in style suggest production over a longer period. Here twenty magistrates are involved (if we assume that nOAYEYKTOZ and nOAYOKTOZ, linked by obverse 13, are the same man), but they must to a large 187 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS extent have been striking together. The issue of EnirONOI alone employs nine obverses, the highest total noted in the entire series for one magistrate, and one of those dies (18) was also used by ten other men28, another (21) by seven others. He shares six obverses with TAAYK£2N, four with OIQNOZ, and three each with APIITQNA(E), BAAAI0OZ, AHMATOPHZ and MErAKAHX. In fact within class C only APIETOAHMOE, ZQBITAI and ZftlAOX are not directly die-linked to EnirONOI, and the overwhelming impression is that the whole group was struck within a very short period. The style of the dies is mostly quite uniform, and can best be characterised as a simplified and derivative form of the models provided by class B. The head and abdomen of the bees are usually reduced in size in relation to the thorax, while the wings are slightly more spread, with the rear legs noticeably short and often rudimentary. The letters of the ethnic are often large and untidy, with a laterally elongated O on, for instance, obverses 18, 21, 23 and 27. On the reverses, the palm trees are sometimes of the luxuriant type noted in class B, but often much simpler. The stags are similarly of variable execution, but are generally fairly simple and unpretentious, without much detail. The magistrates' names are usually in small letters. Overall the dies are not finely executed, and the obverses in particular often display severe wear, another indication of high volume production. A small bronze series that must be contemporary with the class C tetradrachms can be identified. The types are head of city goddess or Cybele left, with astragal behind, and on the reverse a bee with magistrate's name above and surrounded by a border of dots. This is the only Ephesian bronze series without the ethnic, and the earliest to have magistrates' names, those recorded being EnirONOE, HrEAOXOI and OK2NOI.29 The same three men share obverses 19 and 21 in the tetradrachms, with Epigonos and Oionos also linked by obverses 22 and 23. This bronze series was dated c. 280-258 by Head, but we can now affirm c. 375 as the likely time of issue, given that the Yaka hoard, buried c. 365, also included tetradrachms from the following class D. No further secure identification of bronze coinage parallel with silver can be made until we reach class G. A transition to the next class (D) is provided by the two magistrates AHMOKAHZ and KOMHE, who also appear in what seems to be the earlier section of that group, and are assumed to be the same men. Class D Class D, with 11 obverses (45-56) and 14 magistrates, presents another tightly die-linked series which must have been struck over a relatively short period. Six of the 14 magistrates used four or more obverses, while obverse 51 is coupled with reverses of nine different magistrates. It does, however, seem that obverses 45-48 on the one hand and 50-56 on the other form largely separate sections, with only four magistrates straddling the divide. It is noteworthy that the former group features AHMOKAHI and KOMHI, who had previously appeared in class C, while the second group includes KYNIIKOX, who then re-appears in class E. Crucial to the relative and absolute chronology is the fact that the Yaka hoard, buried c. 365, contains 21 class D 28 Probably 11, if Ihe class C AHMOKAHI tetradrachm in the Yaka hoard is from this obverse, as my notes made in 1976 suggest. 29 See Head, NC 1880, p. 131 and PI. III. 14-5 for HrEAOXOI and OISiNOI. For EnirONOI see Imhoof-Blumcr, Kleinasiatische ftfiinzen, p.513 no.l. 188 Pixodarus Hoard tetradrachms, with no fewer than 12 of the 0PAZYAOXOZ issue, but E and later classes are entirely absent. The Pademlik hoard, by contrast, buried c. 350, again with 21 class D tetradrachms, also includes representatives from classes E and F. Both the obverses and reverses of class D are radically different from what has gone before, to the extent that one could almost speak of a relaunch of the types. The rather simple and perfunctory bees and stags which predominated in class C are replaced by bold and attractive representations, with considerable attention to detail. The bees now exhibit a broader, squarer thorax and a correspondingly larger abdomen, while the wings are both narrower and more spread, with curved 'veins'. The pairs of front legs are neatly jointed, the rear legs now prominent. The letters of the ethnic are well-formed and balanced. The stags are usually elegant creatures with shorter bodies and longer legs and necks than before, the palm trees mostly taller and more symmetrical, often with elaborate and careful foliage. The magistrates' names are inscribed in large, neat letters, forming a distinct curve on some reverses of 9PAZYAOXOZ, GPAZYMHAHZ, KAEIZIAEQZ and MNHZKDIAOZ. Many of these stylistic features are retained in class E, but there the pattern of dies and magistrates is quite different, as will be seen. Class E With 15 obverses (60-74) and 18 magistrates, class E is similar in scale to class D, but somewhat less tightly die-linked. It may have been of smaller volume and/or struck over a longer period. There is still no possibility of a linear sequence, since obverses 61 and 71 were each used by six magistrates, and most of the men had two or more different obverses, with AYKQN and OIAITHZ each employing four. 11 of the obverses follow the new pattern set in class D, with wide spread wings and prominent rear legs, which curve in along the contours of the abdomen. A slight change is that the letters of the ethnic are now rather smaller and less bold, except in the case of obverse 60, which has been placed first and was used by KYNIZKOZ (one of the class D magistrates), among others. In stark contrast stands a group of four obverses (62-65) with a style of bee that has no precedent or indeed successor in the whole tetradrachm series. Evidently by the same engraver, they show a head that is abnormally large, a thorax perfectly round, very prominent legs which in the case of the rear pair point outwards rather than curve inwards, and, most extraordinarily, wings that are covered with an intricate, leaf-like pattern of veins and lack the prominent leading edge which had become normal. Yet the reverse dies with which these peculiar obverses are coupled have no unusual features, and all but one (AIONYZIKAHZ) of the six magistrates who used them also employed obverses of the conventional style, so this is no more than a temporary change. The die pattern does not allow us to propose a distinct phase of coinage: reverse die-links involving KPATINOI, I1POMENHZ, OIAITHI and OYPTAZ demonstrate the contrary. Within class E there are four names of magistrates (AIOTIMIAAZ, EOEAO^N, AEOOPftN and ZKYMNOZ) which reappear in class F, where the obverse style is once again re-designed. In the case of AEOOPQN, the reverse die is the same, linking obverse 71 with 80 and 81 in the next group. The identity of the others is highly probable. 189 Ashton, Hardwick, Kinns, Konukand Meadows Class F Die use within class F indicates another brief period of intense production. The totals of 21 obverse dies and 34 magistrates do not tell the whole story. More significant is the fact that individual obverses are coupled with the reverses of six (87), seven (84, 92), eight (86), nine (81), ten (90) and even 11 (80) different magistrates. Again, eight of the 34 magistrates each employed at least four obverse dies for their issues. As with classes B, C and D, we must be dealing with groups of magistrates striking together, with several obverses in simultaneous use, which makes the precise order of dies and magistrates almost impossible to discern, and means that the tabulation is at best a working hypothesis. Nevertheless the sequential numbering of the obverses attempts to reflect both wear and reverse links, and sets forth the probability that class F actually represents two successive phases of striking. For whereas obverses 80-94 are bound together by a large number of interconnecting reverse links, involving all obverses except the die-linked pair 84-5 (whose behaviour parallels that of obverses 80-1), and obverses 95-100 form another such nexus, only style and the shared magistrates innOKPITOI, nYPQN, THAEITPATOI and OANATOPHX actually connect the two groups. The priority of obverses 80-94 is confirmed by arguments from style, and the presence of the magistrates AIOT1MIAAI, EOEAGftN, AEOOPQN and ZKYMNOI (already met with in class E), not to mention the crucial reverse die of AEOOPQN which links obverse 71 (D) with 80 and 81. The evidence of the Pademlik hoard, buried c. 350 with a small number of class F tetradrachms as the latest coins, is significant. Not only does it give us a valuable terminus ante quern for the introduction of this class, but also it would seem that the hoard coins all belonged to the earlier phase, represented by obverses 80-94. Class F as a whole provides about one third of the Ephesian tetradrachms in the Pixodarus hoard. As regards style the obverses of class F exhibit a considerable uniformity, with a general appearance that is quite distinct from what has gone before. The relatively broad thorax and abdomen characteristic of classes D and E is retained, but the wings are no longer spread, but drawn into the abdomen once more, with the rear legs less prominent. They also taper towards the thorax, and the (straight) vein lines are almost vertical and parallel to the centre line of the bee in the case of obverses 80-94, although they point inwards on 95-100. These same lines had tended to be curved in classes D and E. The accompanying reverse dies are also fairly uniform, with stags and palm trees that are predominantly elegant and well-designed, with careful attention to musculature and foliage. But a number of reverses in the earlier group, notably of AIOTIMIAAL, AEOOPQN, nANTAINETOZ, riPQTOX and IKYMNOI, show stags with an unnaturally long, straight neck and tall thin trees. Class G Class G comprises 18 obverses (111-128) and 46 magistrates. Four names (AHMArOPHX, EOEA0QN, GEOAHPOI and MANTIKPATHI) are shared with class F, but even if they in some cases designate the same men, the issues seem quite distinct. Once again there is clear evidence of groups of magistrates striking together with several dies in common, with obverse 123 used by 14 magistrates, 124 by 12, 125 by 11, 115, 116 and 126 each by eight, 119 and 122 each by seven. Eight magistrates (APIZTONOMOZ, APTEMQN, BAOIQN, AHMOKPATHZ, HTEKAHI, MENinnOI, MNHIAPXOL, nPYTANIX) coupled their reverses with four or more obverses. The adjacent obverses 122-126, collectively used by a total of 23 magistrates, are a particularly striking example of this phenomenon, so far removed 190 Pixodarus Hoard from Head's 1880 hypothesis that the names represented a series of annual eponyms. We can however sense a slower pace of production in the die-pattern of obverses 111-120, where there are fewer reverse die-links, and these may represent a separate, earlier (?) phase. Just seven of the 46 magistrates appear in both phases, with reverse die-links across the divide provided by HrEKAHZ and MENinnOI only. The class G obverses display a remarkable uniformity, and most if not all are probably the work of one die-cutter. They can best be characterised as a streamlined still more elegant version of the style developed in obverses 95-100 at the end of class F. The head is slightly less prominent, the thorax (now a circle once more) and abdomen are distinctly slimmer. The wings, with straight veins pointing inwards, again taper and are drawn in to the abdomen, but the ends are slightly more angular. Most dies are beautifully executed, although some, such as 123-125, become disfigured with over-use. The reverses too are predominantly of similarly high quality, and strongly reminiscent of typical class F reverses, which only confirms what we know from the hoards. Pademlik shows that class F had begun before c. 350, the Pixodarus hoard demands that class G had been struck by c. 340. It is not surprising that the many class G tetradrachms in the Pixodarus hoard were often in virtually uncirculated condition. It was possible above to identify a bronze series that was contemporary with the class C tetradrachms. In the cases of classes D, E and F silver tetradrachms seem to have been issued almost alone, although there are anonymous bronze issues (without magistrates' names) which must belong to the same general period (c. 370-350).30 We can, however, now point to rare silver drachms, in the same types as the tetradrachms but with an astragal on either side of the bee on the obverse, and also bronze (types: bee E^/stag kneeling left with astragal above and name at left) in two denominations, which were clearly issued alongside the class G tetradrachms. Only six names are recorded for these drachms,31 APIITONOMOE, KAEONIKOE, MNHZAPXOZ, -ENOKAHE, nEIGHN^P and nPYTANIZ, and just four obverses, one of which was used by APISTONOMOI, KAEONIKOX and nPYTANII, a second by APIZTONOMOZ, KAEONIKOI and MNHXAPXOL. The parallelism with the tetradrachms, where the same six magistrates are closely die-linked in the second phase of class G, is obvious: APIITONOMOE: KAEONIKOI: MNHXAPXOL: SENOKAHX riEIOHNQP: nPYTANII: obverses 123, 124, 125, 126 (linked by a single reverse) obverses 123, 124, 125 obverses 125, 126 (also 113, 114, 115) obverse 123 (also 121) obverse 123 (also 116, 122) obverses 123, 124, 125, 126 (linked by a single reverse) The drachms may accordingly be dated c. 350-340 with complete confidence. The situation with the bronze is not quite so clear cut, but highly suggestive. For the coins of module c. 14-15 mm, weight c. 1.8-2.2g. (probably the chalkous), about 3U Eg. SNG vA 7823, 1.62g (Bee with spread wings/forepart of stag with head turned back), SNG vA 1838, 2.15g (Bee/stag kneeling left with head turned back). Both have EO on the obverse, but no magistrate's name or symbol. 31 See Kinns, Ionia, p.188 n.41. For the drachm of nEIGHNQP see MMAG FPL Herbst 1993, 59 (not illustrated). ZENOKAHI has appeared in CNG 58 (2001) 571. 191 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS 57 complete names are on record, of which at least 11 and possibly 16 can reasonably be identified with class G tetradrachm magistrates,32 while between 14 and 19 are contemporary with classes H/I/J.33 The doubtful instances reflect the problem of homonyms, which is even less soluble for the bronze than for the silver. But the coincidences are too numerous for us not to be able to say with assurance that this bronze denomination was struck alongside tetradrachms of class G and later. Names shared with earlier tetradrachms are very few and probably not significant.34 For the larger bronzes of module c. 19-21 mm, weight c. 5.5-6.5g., (probably the tetrachalkon) twenty complete names are recorded, of which four35 are likely to be the same as class G tetradrachm magistrates. Another 11 find parallels in classes I and J,36 a proportion so high as to represent clear proof. It is true that two further names37 are also found in class F, but the overwhelming impression is that both bronze denominations began to be struck c. 350-340, with an initial concentration on the smaller, and increased production of both sizes only after 340. Two further bronze denominations in the same types, c. 15-16mm, 3g.38 and c. 10-11mm, lg.39 are clearly post-340 and fall outside the scope of the present study. Class H With class H we pass to the first of the three classes which must be regarded as 'post-Pixodarus', and probably struck c. 340-325. They embrace together some 41 obverses and 83 'issues', the actual number of different names being slightly smaller 32 ANTIAAKIAAI (Waddinglon 1593). APIITONOMOI (Kinns coll.), BAOIQN (Kinns), EOEA0QN (BMC 64), HPOTEITON (Winterthur 2910), KAEONIKOI (MMAG FPL 583, 196), METAAHTOP (SNG Cop. 250), MEAHIANAPOI (Berlin), MOPIMOI (BMC 65), nYPIAAMIlHI (Kinns), <&IAOITPATOI (Berlin). EOXQPOI (Lanz 64, 231), 0EOAQPOI (Kinns), MNHIAPXOI (Paris), nEPIITPATOI (Berlin). TIPYTANII (Imhoof-Blumer, Kleinasicitische Miinzen p.50 no.l 1) are more doubtful. 33 AMYNTQP (SNG Munich 39), EKATOKAHI (SNG Munich 40), EOMHAHI (Bochum 74), EXEAAMAI (Waddinglon 1595), 0EM1ITATOPAZ (Oxford, NC 1937, p. 157 no.7), inTIOIOENHI (Berlin), IITIAIOI (Berlin), NIKHPATOI (SNG Munich 42), nHAEd>OI (Waddington 1598, published as THAEOOI), nOAYZHAOI (Waddington 1596), nY0ATOPHI (Imhoof-Blumer, Kleinasiatische Miinzen p.50 no.12), TIMH2IANAS (Oxford, NC 1937, p.157 no.9), OEPAIOI (Winterthur 2911) and XIMAPOI (Berlin). For EOXfiPOI, 0EOAS2POI, MNHIAPXOI, nEPIITPATOI and TIPYTANII see previous note. 34 AMYNTQP (previous note - contemporaneity with the class F tetradrachm issue is improbable), AHMOI[TPATOI] (SNG Cop. 247, cf. tetradrachm in class A), EKATAIOI (Oxford, cf. tetradrachm in class A), IKOnHI (Berlin, cf. tetradrachm in class F), OEPAIOI (previous note, another tetradrachm issue in class A). I have not seen the IKOTIHI coin, but in the other cases the style of the bronze coins precludes the possibility of any connection with the class A tetradrachms. 35 ANTIAAKIAAI (BMC 58), APIITONOMOI (BM, NC 1913, p.269), BOIQTOI (Berlin) and OlAOITPATOI (BMC 61). 36 ANAPOOOPBOI (SNG Munich 36), TYAinnOI (SNG Munich 37), ETKAIPIOI (Athens), EKATOKAHI (Kinns), EOMHAHI (SNG vA 1836), EXEAAMAI (SNG Lewis 900), HinOIOENHI (BMC 60), IITIAIOI (BMC 59), riHAEOOI (BM ex H. Weber 5844), nOAYZHAOI (Kinns) and XIMAPOI (NC 1880, p. 122). 37 KAEOAOXOI (Hirsch 155, 120) and IKOnHI (Waddington 1591). 38 E.g. SNG Cop. 251 (METAAAHI), SNG vA 1837 (KYAIAI). Only five varieties have been identified in this intermediate denomination. 39 I have recorded some 25 different names, but most are unpublished and the readings sometimes uncertain. 192 Pixodarus Hoard as a result of repeated appearances and/or homonyms, and their omission from this publication could not be considered. As far as Ephesus is concerned, the Pixodarus hoard has proved to be highly important for what it did not contain, although this did not become apparent until the study was well advanced and complementary evidence from other sources became available. Without the Pixodarus hoard it would have been much more difficult to isolate this later coinage. However, it is now possible to gain some insight into its chronology for the first time. Class H could have been regarded as an ill-fitting appendix to class G or as an early section of class I but, on balance, the combination of distinctive stylistic features, a singular pattern of die-use, and the (possibly controversial) evidence of the 1929 Fethiye hoard (IGCH 1266)40 have suggested that it should have separate status. The significance of the Fethiye hoard is that it contained 49+ Ephesian tetradrachms, now preserved in the British Museum and Oxford collections with a further group in New York, alongside 14 tetradrachms of Mausolus and five of Hidrieus, and one tetradrachm of Cos (which unfortunately cannot now be traced).41 Our classes B to G are all represented, but there were also tetradrachms of the magistrates AAKinnOI (Oxford), AMYNTHI (Oxford) and nEPIITPATOIII (BM), from obverses 130 and 134. None of these three magistrates is listed as having been present in the Pixodarus hoard (even though another nEPIITPATOI [I] is extant in class G, an example of which [from obverse 119] was also included in the Fethiye hoard and is now in Oxford), and since the coins are in fresh condition and differ in style from the class G norms, it does rather look as though they belong to a later issue. Class H revolves around obverses 130 and 134, which in turn are very close to 133 and 135, while 132 is linked to 130 by a shared reverse of nEPIITPATOI II. These five obverses reflect class G models, but the bee's legs, particularly the forward pairs, are more schematically represented, and the whole effect is less careful and meticulous. Obverse 131 (used by EOXftPOI and nEPIITPATOI, like 130) and 136 (used only by the new magistrate AYT0X9QN) belong closely together, and are coarser still, while 137 (used by AYTOX0QN and nEPIITPATOI, as well as TEPHNIOI) shows a neatly executed bee with noticeably narrow wings. Despite these stylistic variations the accompanying reverse dies offer a unifying feature. The predominant type contrasts with what had been usual in class G (and earlier) by having a stag with a shorter body but longer neck, accompanied by a small, neat palm tree which is placed low so that it barely rises above the level of the stag's snout. On these same dies the magistrate's name is placed high, tending to start at the level of the antlers and finish above the stag's raised right knee, and the result is oddly unbalanced; class G reverses had been notable for the harmonious arrangement of the three elements - palm tree, stag, name. The identification of this separate class H is not perhaps entirely satisfactory, in comparison with the clear demarcation of classes A to G, but if it is accepted the dominance of nEPIITPATOI (II) is striking. For he uses six of the eight obverses, three of them apparently alone, in a pattern of die use not paralleled in any other class. A different tempo of production is suggested. 40 For a discussion of IGCH 1266 sec Konuk, Hecatomnids, pp. 109-111. Konuk adopts a burial date of c. 345 BC, on the basis of the Hecatomnid content. I prefer a dale after 340 BC. 41 For the Hecatomnid issues see Konuk. Hekatonmids, pp. 109-111 with pi. 68 (CH 9. 418). 193 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS Class I Class I, involving 63 magistrates42 and 29 obverse dies (140-168), comprises the majority of the post-Pixodarus issues, and for the purposes of this publication a summary treatment will be sufficient. The definition of this class was greatly assisted by the recent 'Magnesia' hoard {CH 9. 463: unknown findspot, 1994), which included 62+ Ephesian tetradrachms, in association with a quantity of silver of Magnesia (tetradrachms, didrachms and some drachms, all of the horseman/butting bull types),43 Hecatomnid issues down to and including Rhoontopates, drachms of Miletus and Chios and didrachms of Rhodes. For this hoard, which will require full publication elsewhere, a burial date in the 320s BC has been suggested above. As far as Ephesus is concerned we acquire a clear overview of a body of coinage struck later than the contents of the Pixodarus hoard. The 62 Ephesian tetradrachms of which a record is available included three from class C, one each from classes D and E, two from class F, four from class G, three from class H, but 48 from the present class I, struck from just 15 obverses. Three dies, here numbered 153, 156 and 165, were particularly well-represented, with six examples each from 153 and 165, and nine from 156. A total of 28 different names were present in this sample of 48 class 1 coins. The importance of this evidence will be apparent from the table of class I magistrates, as only one other issue has any recorded provenance.44 The condition of the class I coins in the 1994 hoard (CH 9. 463) is generally quite fresh, whereas those from classes C to G are mostly considerably worn, in confirmation of the relative chronology proposed here. The 29 obverse dies identified exhibit a variety of styles, but fall into four main groups, which may be largely contemporary, to judge from the many reverse die links between obverses. Obverses 140-147 (with which 160-1 belong) present simplified and conventionalized versions of class G models, following on from obverses 130 and 132-5 in class H, with the same generally perfunctory legs. Obverses 148-159 are different, with narrow, tapering wings, for which the only precedent is obverse 137 in class H. Obverses 162-164 also have narrow wings, but without the pronounced taper, whereas obverses 165-168, some of the crudest in the entire series, present bees with rather broad, stubby wings, and head and thorax much enlarged once more in relation to the abdomen. Both reverse die links and parallel usage by pairs or groups of magistrates confirm the reality of the stylistic groupings, but they also demonstrate the extent to which the whole class is closely bound together. Some 14 magistrates45 can be seen to have employed obverses of two or (in the case of 42 The number of different names is actually 65, but EOMHAHL and EYMHAHX (both using obverse 153) and niTOEOX and niTGEYOI (both using obverse 144) are clearly variant spellings of the same names. 43 See GM 73 (1995), 156-8 for single examples of each denomination. 44 There was a letradrachm of AIOT1MOI in the 1945 Mugla hoard (IGCH 1292), buried c. 280 BC. 45 Viz. AHMOXAPII (obverses 161; 165), EKATOKAHI (147; 156, 158, with a reverse link between 147 and 156), EYKTITOI (155; 167, 168), innOIGENHZ (147; 153, 156, with a reverse link between 147 and 153), AYKOMHAHZ (159; 167), MANTIKPATHI III (147, 160; 149; 162, with a reverse link between 160 and 162), MEAANftriOI (160; 162), MENTQP (160; 165, 167), MNHZAPXOIII (147, 160, 161; 165, 167, with reverse links between 147, 160 and 165, and between 161 and 167), nHAEOOII (142, 147; 156; 167, 168; 168, with a reverse link between 147 and 168), nOAAAEIPlOX (145, 147; 148, 149), nPYTANII II (147, 160; 149), TIMHZIANAE (147, 160, 161; 162, 163; 165, 167), OIAOAEQX(147, 161; 164). 194 Pixodarus Hoard MANTIKPATHL, FIHAEOOI and TIMHEIANAE) three different styles, and there are several reverse die links to show that obverses of widely different character were in simultaneous use. The likely explanation is that most of class I was struck within a fairly short period. It is noteworthy that obverse 147 was used by 15 magistrates, 167 by 11, 156 by nine and 144, 153 and 160 by eight magistrates each, often to a point where they became badly disfigured by die flaws. Further pointers to such a conclusion are the high proportion of coins that are badly struck, often off-centre on irregular flans, and the variable quality of the reverse dies, which are often crudely executed. These observations apply particularly to coins from obverses 153-157 and 165-168. The sequential numbering of obverse dies is inevitably schematic, but there does seem to be some chronological progression here, with obverses 140-147 apparently early and 165-168 probably late, as the latter group of dies shares certain features with the final class J. In the commentary on class G above, attention was drawn to substantial issues of bronze which were closely contemporary with class I, on the basis of shared magistrates' names.46 There is also silver fractional coinage, namely drachms and hemidrachms of the 'cross-band' type, which belongs with class I. This will be discussed below, once class J has been identified. Class J The four obverses of class J (171-174), used by 14 magistrates,47 seem to constitute the final phase of the bee/stag tetradrachm series. Obverses 172 and 173 are linked by a reverse die of ZATTIQN, otherwise the establishment of this class depends partly on stylistic considerations but more importantly on associations with a completely separate silver series, the so-called 'cross-band' tetradrachms, drachms and hemidrachms. As regards style, obverses 171 and 173, with relatively narrow tapered wings, show some stylistic similarities to obverses 162-4 late (?) in class I, while 172 and 174 are strongly reminiscent of 165-168, but of superior execution. The enlarged thorax and head, the latter with the second of the three segments increased in size and slightly raised, are particularly close to the representations on those cruder dies, especially 165. On all four obverses the legs are prominent, but carefully jointed. Another shared feature, on obverses 172-174, is the lettering, with the O placed low in relation to the E and slanting to the left, a strange detail which suggests the work of a single hand. The reverses used with all four class J obverses manifest a striking family resemblance, with the foliage seeming almost to cascade upwards, like a firework, and the stags generally well executed, with careful musculature. Such palm trees had also featured on class I reverses, but not consistently, while the stags had latterly tended to become rather rubbery and unconvincing. These observations by themselves tend to indicate a close proximity to obverses 162-168 in class I, and it is therefore probable that IIHAEOOZ II, who used obverse 172, is the same man as the I1HAEOOI who used obverses 167 and 168 (as well as 142 and 156) in class I.48 They do not, however, demonstrate that class J is separate 46 See above, pp. 191-2. 47 The name l...]AAPOE (Hirsch 183, 414, obverse 172) is unfortunately incomplete. 48 nEPIITPATOI III (obverse 174) could be the same as nEPILTPATOI II in class H, but the interval seems much greater. 195 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK ANDMEADOWS from or later than class I, although the lack of other shared names, let alone reverse die links, is suggestive. The four obverses could still theoretically be a section within class I, rather than a distinct later group. Here we must turn to an examination of the 'cross-band' silver issues, which have previously been dated 415-394, because of the primitive design of their reverse type. The obverse is the standard bee and ethnic, showing curved wings on some drachm obverses, but invariably straight wings on the hemidrachms and recently discovered tetradrachms.49 The reverse is a roughly patterned square incuse, crossed by intersecting bands, on one of which is placed a magistrate's name. This parallels the standard reverse type of the silver tetradrachms and drachms of Chios struck c. 375-330. A listing of the known issues, with notes on linking obverse dies, will be followed by a tabular representation of the key names which appear on more than one denomination and/or feature in classes I/J of the bee/stag tetradrachm series and contemporary bronze. The 'Cross-band' Issues Tetradrachms (obverse without border of dots) KOMHI 12.38 150 GM 104 (2000) 390. PLATE 28, A [n]EPIITPATOI 12.44 330 CNG 55 (2000) 487. PLATE 28, B TIMOGEOE 12.40 270 ebay 149666498, August 1999. PLATE 28, C KOMHX and TIMO0EOI share a common obverse die, close in style to class J obverses 171-174, with the E slanting slightly to the left (cf. obverse 173) and the <i> low and slanting to the left (cf. obverses 172-174). The obverse of the [njEPIXTPATOI issue is very similar. Drachms (obverse with border of dots) (a) Curved wing MANTIKPATHI a. Sotheby 16.iv.80, 20 (not illustrated) b. 2.93 150 Private coll. [M]EAANnnO[S] a. 2.92 0 Private coll. IKY0HX a. 2.82 Oxford (JVC 1937, p. 156 no. 1) b. 2.85 Hirsch 196(1997)319 TIMHLIANAE a. 3.03 180 Private coll. b. 3.00 90 SNG Munich 23, ex Cousinery. Head pi. I. 19 c. 2.92 210 Private coll. d. 2.73 330 BMC 20. Head pi. I. 18 e. 2.89 210 Private coll. 49 A supposed cross-band tetradrachm with name MENTOP was listed by Head (NC 1880, p. 107 no.l) on the basis of a report in Mionnet (Supp. vi., p. 111 no. 183). It can now be demonstrated that no such coin ever existed, as the Mionnet coin ('Cabinet de Lord Turnet a Smyrne' = Glendining 27.v.87, lot 11, from the collection of W. Turner 1792-1867) was actually a normal bee/stag tetradrachm with name MENTQP. See class I, obverse 165. Mionnet's two preceding entries (nos. 181-2) accurately described cross-band hemidrachms of KOPYAAI and MENEI0EYE, and by a simple but highly unfortunate error it was implied that the Turner tetradrachm had a similar reverse type. 196 Pixodarus Hoard Four obverse dies have been noted, with one shared by TIMHZIANAE (a, b) ZKY0HZ (a), MANTIKPATHZ (b), and MEAANQIIOZ (a) in that order. (b) Straight wing ANTIANAP a. 3.06 [A]HMOO£2N a. 3.08 180 A10TIM1AAZ a. 2.69 b. 3.04 c. d. ErKAIPIOE a. 2.97 EXEAAMA a. 3.04 330 b. 3.08 150 [HPAK]AEITOI a. 3.05 270 innOTHZ a. 2.87 b. 3.03 300 [N]EYMAZ a 3.03 150 [IT]EPIZTPATO[I] a. 2.92 210 CNG 55 (2000) 488 CNG 55 (2000) 490 SNG Tiibingen 2761 CNG 55 (2000) 489 Hesperia Art Bull. 21, 93 Ranch 31 (1983) 305 GM 96(1999) 175 Oxford ebay 142083930, August 1999 Private coll. ANS (Newell). J. Hirsch 13 (1905) 3665. Sotheby 22.iv.09, 225. Private coll. Private coll. BM 1949. Helbing 12.iv.27, 1772. Eight obverse dies have been noted, with one shared by ErKAIPIOZ (a), innOTHI (a) and flEPIZTPATOZ (a). Hemidrachms (obvers AMOOTEPOZ [A]NTIANA [AP]IZTONAS AIOAS2P1A AIOTIM1AA EYnEIGHI [EJXEAAM HPOrNHTOL HPCXDQN innOKPITOI [KJAE1AHMOI KOPYAAI KTHZIOZ MANTIKPATHZ MEAAN MENEZ0EYZ NAYKAHZ NEYMAZ NIK[...]A e with border of dots) Athens (BCH 1955, p. 120, ex IGCH 1213), Vienna 30427 ANS (ex IGCH 1213), Berlin - Fox ('ANTIAZ') ANS SNG Munich 24 (ex Cousinery = Head PI. I. 20) ANS, Berlin, Paris 369 (Waddington 1518 = Traite, pi. CLU, 21) GM 90(1998) 319 Private coll. BMC 21 Athens (BCH 1955, p. 120, ex IGCH 1213), private coll. Athens (BCH 1955, p. 120, ex IGCH 1213) ANS (ex IGCH 1213) Athens (BCH 1955, p.120, ex IGCH 1213), Paris 371, Vienna 31791 (ex J. Hirsch 13 [1905] 3666), Rauch 53 (1994) 77 Berlin - Imhoof (Kleinasiatische Miinzen, p. 49 no.2) Athens (BCH 1955, p. 120, ex IGCH 1213), Berlin - Imhoof (Griechische Miinzen, p. 113 no.273), BM 1893, Vienna 35008, Miinzzentrum 75 (1993) 748 (ex Muller72(1992) 88),NFA33 (1994) 1383 Athens (BCH 1955, p. 120, ex IGCH 1213) Paris 370 (Waddington 1519 = Traite, pi. CLII. 22) Auctiones 5 (1975) 127 (ex SNG vA 1827), GM 38 (1987) 171 ANS (ex IGCH 1213) NCirc 1986, 3010 (ex NCirc 1985, 27) 197 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS OEPIZTPAT Elsen FPL 211 (2000) 71 cx NAC K (2000) 1310 nOAYKPITOI BMC 22 (TIOAYKPATHX'), Rauch MB 4 (2000) 101 ZATTinN Boston 1822, Leiden (Head pi. 1.21), NCirc 2001, GK0251 XIMOX BMC 23 XKY0HX Berlin, BM 1902, Cambridge (ex SNG Lockett 2807), private coll., Hirsch 177 (1993) 297 TEIXAMENOX SNG Cop. 212 (ex J. Hirsch 25 [19091 2106), Aufhauser 7 (1990) 153 TIMHX1AN Athens x2 (BCH 1955, p. 120, cx IGCH 1213), Oxford (A>C 1937, p. 156 no.2) OPHTQP Vienna 31792 (cx J. Hirsch 13 [1905] 3667) XEAAON Private coll. (...]NOAOTOZ Leiden 5669 [.JQAAMAZ CNG 55 (2000) 491 Recorded weights fall in the range 1.30g. to 1.72g., with 65% weighing 1.56g.+. Die axes are irregular. The following obverse dies linking magistrates have been noted: 1. AIOAQPIA (SNG Munich 24), MENEXOEYX (Paris), NAYKAHX (SNG vA 1827) 2. AIOTIMIAA (Paris), [...JQAAMAX(CNG 55, 491) 3. HPOrNHTOI(5MC21), NAYKAHX (GM 38, 171) 4. HPOOQN (Private coll.), XATTIftN (NCirc 2001, GK 0251), XIMOX (BMC 23) 5. KOPYAAX (Paris; Rauch 53.77), nOAYKPITOZ (Rauch MB 4, 101), TEIXAMENOX (Aufhauser 7, 153) 6. nOAYKPITOX (BMC 22), TEIXAMENOX (SNG Cop. 212) 7. XKY0HX (Hirsch 177, 297), T1MHXIAN (Oxford) Tabulation of names found in both cross-band issues and bee/stag tetradrachms of class I and J or contemporary bronze Cross-band Cross-band Cross-band Bee/stag 4dr. Bee/stag AE 4dr. dr. l/2dr. ANTIANA dr. l/2dr. J obv. 172 AHMOOfiN dr. 14mm (Head, p. 131) AIOTIMIAA dr. l/2dr. Jobv. 172 ErKAIPIOX dr. Jobv.171 18mm (Athens) EXEAAMA dr. l/2dr. Jobv. 171 18 mm (SNG Lewis 900) 14 mm (Wadd. 1595) innoKPiTOx l/2dr. Jobv.172 KOMHX 4dr. J obv. 174 KOPYAAX l/2dr. 14mm (Vienna) 10mm (Head, p. 131) MANTIKPATHX dr.' l/2dr. I obv. 147, 149, 160, 162 MEAANQnOX dr.' l/2dr?t I obv. 160, 162 NEYMAX dr. l/2dr. 16mm (Private coll.) nEPIXTPATOX 4dr. dr. l/2dr. Jobv. 174 14mm (Berlin) 10mm (Vienna) XATTIQN l/2dr. Jobv. 172-3 XKY0HX dr.* l/2dr. I obv. 163 TIMHXIANAE dr." l/2dr. I obv. 147, 160-3, 166-7 14mm (AC 1937, p. 157 no.9) TIMOOEOX 4dr. J obv. 172 d>PHTQP l/2dr. 14mm (Imhoof, AGM, p.35 no.96) XEAAS2N l/2dr. 14mm (SNG Cop. 253) Bee with curved wings + Name on hemidr. appears as 'MEAAN' only. Tetradrachm class I also includes the magistrate MEAANIQN (obverses 165, 167). 198 Pixodarus Hoard The three denominations of the cross-band series clearly belong together. Apart from the uniform types, and the phenomenon of irregular die axes, we find nEPIITPATOI striking all three denominations, and seven or eight further instances where the same magistrate signed both drachms and hemidrachms. In the cases of IKY0HI and TIMHIIANA5 we also find parallel die links in both denominations, which demonstrates that the curved-wing obverses of four of the 13 known drachm issues must be regarded as simply an archaising feature, not evidence of an early date. It is also apparent that the tetradrachms (12.38g.-12.44g.) and drachms (not exceeding 3.08g.) are struck to a common weight standard, about 20% lower than that employed in the bee/stag tetradrachm series, although the hemidrachms are heavier, with 65% weighing 1.56g.+ up to a recorded maximum of 1.72g. (SNG vA 1827). The tabulation of shared names shows beyond possibility of doubt that the cross- band tetradrachms are closely connected to the class J bee/stag tetradrachms, where the same three names appear, with TIMO0EOI using obverse 172 and KOMHI and nEPIITPATOI sharing obverse 174; both dies are very similar in style to the cross- band obverses. Further, the four names of the curved wing cross-band drachms (MANTIKPATHI, MEAANQIIOZ, IKY0HI, TIMHIIANAH, all linked by a single obverse) occur in close proximity in the class I bee/stag tetradrachms, where obverse 147 is shared by MANTIKPATHI and TIMHIIANAE, 160 and 162 by MANTIKPATHI, MEAAN^nOI and TIMHIIANAE, and 163 by IKY0HI and TIMHIIANAE. Five of the nine known names of the straight-wing cross-band drachms, meanwhile, correspond to names occurring in class J, coupled with obverses 171 (ETKAIPIOI, EX EA A MAE), 172 (ANTIAN APOI, AIOTIMIAAI) or 174 (nEPIITPATOI). The die link in the drachms between Er/KAIPIOI and nEPIITPATOI strengthens the connection. The heavier weights of the hemidrachms await explanation, but it is a fact that of the nine drachm magistrates just mentioned all but ErKAIPIOI also signed the smaller denomination. Finally, the magistrates confined to hemidrachms include mnOKPITOI (cf. class J, obverse 172) and IATTIQN (class J, obverses 172-3). This powerful onomastic evidence guarantees a late 'post Pixodarus hoard' date for the entire cross-band series, and allows Head's 415-394 chronology to be set aside without the need for further discussion. We seem obliged to conclude that the drachms (initially with curved-wing obverses) and hemidrachms were introduced alongside the class I bee/stag tetradrachms, and issues then continued in parallel with class J. But the cross-band tetradrachms must surely be the immediate successors of the class J bee/stag tetradrachms, since it is difficult, if not impossible, to envisage the rationale of simultaneous issues of c. 15.4 and 12.4g. Such a chronology corroborates the position of class J as the final phase of the bee/stag series. No hoard provenances are available for the cross-band tetradrachms and drachms, although the recent appearances at auction, notably CNG 55 (13.ix.2000), where one tetradrachm, three drachms and a hemidrachm were offered at the same time, are significant. However, a quantity of the hemidrachms was found in the c. 1946 Samos hoard (IGCH 1213), in association with other small silver coins of neighbouring mints (Magnesia, Miletus, Priene, Samos, Mausolus and Hidrieus). This hoard had tentatively been dated c. 340, but recent research has revealed that the burial date 199 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS must actually have been c. 320 or later, the latest datable coin being a post 321 hemidrachm of Samos.50 The conclusion of the long bee/stag tetradrachm series with class J, and its short- lived replacement by the cross-band tetradrachms struck to a lower standard of 12.4g., represents a major event in the numismatic history of Ephesus. The probable background is the internal stasis brought on by the arrival of Alexander and the increasing importance of his Attic weight coinage, and a date some time in the 320s may be suspected. The cross-band tetradrachms must surely pre-date the introduction of 'Attic octobols' (c. 5.6 g.) in the old bee/stag types and an accompanying new bronze series,51 but the precise chronology of those issues remains uncertain. It is however noteworthy that four of the twelve known names in the octobol series are shared with class I tetradrachms,52 while a fifth (HPOO^N) also features on a cross- band hemidrachm associated with the class J tetradrachms.53 This additional onomastic evidence tends to suggest that the interval between the Bee/stag 15.4 g. tetradrachms and the bee/stag 5.6 g. octobols, into which the cross-band tetradrachms must apparently be inserted, may have been very short. If that is so, the impression that the bee/stag tetradrachm series came to an end at a time of crisis is strongly reinforced. The Hecatomnus and Pixodarus hoards, followed by CH 9. 463 and the recent appearance of the extraordinary cross-band tetradrachms, have allowed major advances in our understanding of the 4lh century coinage of Ephesus. It must be hoped that additional material, and more detailed study, will help to solve some of the outstanding problems. Thanks are due to Hans Wettstein of Zurich, who has recovered information of the Samos hoard in the course of preparing a study on the coinage of Priene. The hemidrachm of Samos is now in Oxford (= Barron, p. 217 no. 5a). 51 See P. Kinns, 'The Attic Weight Drachms of Ephesus: A Preliminary Study in the Light of Recent Hoards', NC 159 (1999), pp. 47-97 at p. 79 (with n.l 17) and pp. 93-4 (with nn. 171-2). 52 Viz. EKATOKAHI (NC 1880, p. 121 = Head PI.II.lO), MNHZAPXOI (SNG Munich 31), nPYTANH (Kress 174 [1979] 432), OYAAKOI (Waddington 1542 = Traite, P1.CLII.30). 53 For the octobol see NFA 7 (1979) 199, which shares an obverse die with OYAAKOI (previous note). The cross-band hemidrachm (above, pp. 197-8) shares an obverse die with IATTIQN, one of the class J tetradrachm magistrates. 200 Pixodarus Hoard Class A: Magistrates in alphabetical order Class B: Magistrates in alphabetical order Obv. 1 2 3 4 Ilourd pvovcncinccs ArHNOPIAHI Pad AHMOITPATOI 2 Pad? AIONYIIKAHX 1 2 ErAHAOZI 3_4 EKATAIOI 3 4 Dur. Pix EOKAHI 2 Pad. Hec Eni<DP£iN 4 EXEAEHX 4 HrHTOP 4 Pix 0 a An ii 2 Out innoAAMAi 3 innoTHi 3 4 Pix [*ITOX 2 KAPNflM' 2 3 Pix KAE1TOPIOE 4 Pix KONftN 1 2 Hec AAKS2N 2 MENEKPA|THX 1 4 NIKOMHAHZ 2 Pix nArKPATIAHI 3 Pix nYOOMA N APOX 1 Hec. Pix XANNAX* 4 Pix xanniqn 2 TAYPEAI 2 Hec THAEMAXOX 2 Dur. Yaka TYPIAAOX 3_ _4 Pix OEPAIOXI 2 Dur OIAOKPATHX 2 Hec? Obv. 5 6 7 Hoard provenances AH1AEQN 5 6 Yaka 2. Pixl AIOAftPOX I 5 b 7 Yaka 3, Pad, Pix 5 AIONYTAZ 5 0 Pix 3. Pet ZHNOAOTOZI 5_6 7 Pix 2+ ? nP£2POSIOI 5 6 7 Pix 2. Fet ZANNAZ* 5 Yaka CW2KYAOII 5 Pad. Pix 1 + ? * IANNAZ also appears with Obv. 4 in Class A Key to Hoard provenances: Pad = Pademlik IGCH 1218 Dur = Durasalar IGCH 1201 Yaka = Yaka IGCH 1214 Hec = Hecatomnus CH 9. 387 Pix = Pixodarus CH9. 421 Fet = Fethiye IGCH 1266 Map = 'Magnesia' CH 9. 463 Pithyos = Pithyos IGCH 1217 Mugla = Mugla IGCH 1292 * zannai also appears with Obv. 5 in Class B Class C: Magistrates in alphabetical order Obv. APIZTOAHMOI APIZTONA BAAAIOOI rAAYK£2N AHMArOPHI I AHMOKAHS* EnirONOZ EIllNIKOI ZQBITAL ZfllAOI I HHEAOXOI KOMHZ I* MErAKAHI MENEKPATHIII MHITOP OliiNOI nANAIQN nOAYEYKTOI nOAYKAHZ nOAYOKTOI nYOONIKOS 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Hoard provenances 8 9 10 II 13 19 20 21 18_21 22 18 20_ I') 23 24 25 26 27 —ii—j 25 26 27 28 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 21 12 10 13 14 15 19 21 13 23 26 26 29 10 11 18 18 18 21 17 27 19 21 22 23 30 31 10 11 13 K 13 15 16 17 If 13 32 18 Yaka 2, Pix. Pad. Pix. 8 Yaka 2, Pad 3. Pix 2 Yaka 3. Pad 2, Pix 7, Fet 2 Yaka 2. Pad 2. Pix? Yaka Yaka 1. Pix 9, Fet. Mug Yaka 3. Pix 5 Pix Pix?. Fet Yaka 3, Pix 3, Fet Yaka ?. Pad?. Pix?. Mug Yaka 2. Pad. Pix 3 Yaka 2. Pad. Pix 6 Yaka 2. Pix 2. Fet Yaka. Pad, Pix 3 Yaka 6, Pad 4. Pixl. Fet Yaka 4 Pad 3. fix 2 Yaka 3 Pad 3. Pix 3 Pix 2 Yaka. Pad 2. Fet * AHMOKAIE and KOMHZ I also appear in Class D 201 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS Class D: Magistrates in alphabetical order Obv. 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Hoard provenances roproriAZ 50 51 52 Yaka Pix 1 I 11 r\ I* . 1 l.K — AHMOK A HE' 45 46 47 48 Yaka 3, Pad 2, Pix 6 0PAXYAOXOX 45 46 47 48 50 Yaka 12, Pad 4, Pix 3, Fei 0PAZYMHAHX 51 52 Pix 2 KAEIZIAEQZ 48 51 53 54 56 Yaka, Pix, Fet, Mag KAYTIOZ 50 51 52 54 55 Pix 5 KOMHZI* 45 47 50 Yaka 2, Pad 2, Pix 1 + KYNIZKOZ* 51 52 56 Pad 5, Pix'? MENEZinnOZ 51 56 Pad 2, Pix 6, Fet, Pithyos MENOITIOZ 1 45 46 Yaka 2, Pix 2 MNHZIOIAOZ I 50 51 52 53 54 55 Pad 2, Pix 8 OPXAMENIOZ ZIMAAK2N <I>IAHNftP 45 48 50 51 52 54 55 —j 56 Pad 3, Pix 5, Fei Pad 3, Pix 3, Fei 51 " AHMOKAHZ and K.OMHZ I also appear in Class C. KYNIZKOZ also appears in Class E. Class E: Magistrates in alphabetical order Obv. 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 Hoard provenances AKIOZ 70 Mag APIZTATOPHZ 61 62 Pad, Pix 3, Fei AEINOZTPATOZ 61 66 Pix 2 AlONYZIKAHZ II 65 AIOTIMIAAZ I' 74 EOEAOS2N I' 61 71 Pix? KPATINOZ 65 68 71 Pix KYNIZKOZ' 60 Pix AEO<DP£2N* 71 Pix AYKQN 70_ _71 72_ J} EENAPHZ 61 67 69 Fet FIOAYAAMAZ 61 Pix 2 nPOMENHX 60 62 65 Pix POAIOZ 69 1L _73 Pix, Fet ZKYMNOZ' 70 ZQZIKPATHX 69 71 Pad, Pix 2 <I>IA1THZ 60 61 —ii_ 63 64 OYPTAZ 60 65 Pix "KYNIZKOZ also appears in Class D. AIOTIMIAAZ I, EOEA0£2N I, AEOt>PQN and ZKYMNOZ also appear in Class F, NB. Obverses 62, 63, 64 and 65 are of a separate, distinctive style with veined wings. 202 Pixodams Hoard Class F: Magistrates in alphabetical order Obv. A0HNOMANAPOI A MY NTS 2 P I APTEMlAftPOZ AZTYKPATHZ PONEOZ AHMAIDPHZ II AIAIDPAZ I AIOTIMIAAZ V EOEA0QN t' EPAZIAAAZ ZHNOAOTOZ II ZS2BIOZ ZQIAOZ II 0EAITOZ OEOAS2POZ I innOKPITOZ I KAAAIAAMAZ KAEOAOXOZ AEO0)PS2N' MANTIKPATHZ I MEAArrPIAAZ MYZ NEIAOZ0ENHZ FIANTAINETOZ nAP0ENIOZ riOAYZHAOZ I np^TOz IIYPQN ZKOnHZ ZKYMNOZ' THAEZTPATOZ TIMOAAZ <E>ANArOPHZ 4>QKYAOZ II so 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 9(1 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 94 100 so 90 87 90 90 95 96 98 99 93 80 88 89 90 92 87 88 80 81 83_86 84 81 84 80 85 81 84 80 81 84 84 85 87 80 81 80 Mi Ml 86 86 86 87 81 82 84 80 80 81 82 81 84 90 92 93 97 4 1 42 »1 90 92 92 93 93 95 96 97 i_i_i 95 87 90 90 91 92 94 42 H oa rd p rovenarices 97 98 99 100 95 41 86 87 86 89 94 97 86 88 89 90 90 97 44 Fix 6, Fet p$t i Fix 5 Fix 3. Fet 2 Pix 3 Fix 5+ Fix 5 Pix 5 Fix 1 + Pix Fix 2+, Fet Fix 1+. Fet Fix 4, Mag Pix 1 + Pix 14 Fad, Pix 4, Fet Pix Pix Pix 4+ Pix 2. Fet Fix 1 Fad, Pix 1 Pad, Pix 2 Pixl Pix 3 Pix 2 Fix 10. Fet, Mag Pix 4 Pix 2 Pad, Pix 6 Pix 3, Fet 2 Pix 4 Pad, Fix'} 'AIOTIMIAAZ 1, EOEA0S2N I. AEO^P^N and ZKYMNOZ also appear in class E 203 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS Class G: Magistrates in alphabetical order Obv. ANT1AAK1AAI AI10AAOAS2POZ APlZTOAEi2N APIZTONOMOZ APTEMI2N APXEAOXOZ BAOZS2N BOIQTOZ AHMATOPHZ III AHMOKPATHX AIAZ EOEA0S2N II EOX£2POZ I EPAZIZTPATOZ ZHNS2N HrEKAHX HPOrEITON 0EOAQPOZ II 0EZZAAOZ 0PAZYAAOZ IAF12Z KAAAIKPATHZ KAEANAPIAHZ K.AEONIKOZ AES2AAMAZI MANTIKPATHZ II METAAHTOP MEAHZANAPOZ MENIIIHOZ MNHZAPXOZI MOPIMOZ NEOMAZ EENOKAHZI EENODQN OAYMniAAHZ OAYMIUOAQPOZ OANTAAEX2N OAYZANIAZ I1EI0HNI2P nEAATON nEPIZTPATOZ I nPYTANIZ I nYPIAAMIlHZ ZIMflN OIAOZTPATOX XAIP1MENIIZI 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 112 113 114 124 125 125 123 124 125 126 123 125 126 128 Hoard provenances 113 115 116 115 121 122 123 126 119 124 125 120 121 122 123 124 124 124 125 124 125 126 i_i_i 119 120 13 115 116 116 122 123 127 118 118 117 116 117 119 120 123 125 113 115 116 115 116 123 124 125 118 119 118 120 113 114 115 115 115 127 122 123 124 126 127 125 126 19 120 121 122 123 123 121 112 1 12 112 118 117 116 116 122 123 I 19 123 124 125 126 123 126 117 124 123 124 Pix6 Pix 3 Put 2 Pix 2. Pel P ix 2 Pix, Pel Pix 4 ?Pix Pix 5, Fet, Mag Pix 2, Pel 2 Pix 2+ Pix 9, Fet, Mag Pix Pix 3, Fet Pix Pix 1 + Pix 4 Pix 10 Pix 7, Fet Pix 2 Pix 1, Fet 2 Pix 1+, Fet Pix 2 Pix Pix 3, Fet 2 Pix 6 Pix 2, Fet Pix 4 Pix 4 Fet Mag 2 Pix 2 Pix Fet Pix 3 Pix 5 Pix Pix 6. Fet Class H: Magistrates in alphabetical order Obv. 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 Hoard Provenances AAtannox 130 Fet AMYNTHZ 130 133 Fet, Mag AYTOX0QN 136 137 Mag TEPHNIOZ 137 EOX£2POZ II 130 131 OEPIZTPATOZ II 130 131 132 134 135 137 Fet, Mag 204 Pixodarus Hoard Class I: Magistrates in alphabetical order Obi 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 'Jloani \Prov. AINEAZ AAKEIAHZ AMYNTQPII AMOIAOXOZ ANAPOITIIZ ANAPO0OPBOZ AEIONIKOZ APIZTATOPAZ APXIAAMOZ PYAinnos: AANAOZ AAPAANOZ A|HMAr[OPHZ IV AI1MOXAPII AlOAnPOIll AIOT1MOZ ErAllAOXll EKATOKAIIZ EOHM2P EOMIIA11I EYKTITOZ EYMHAHZ ZI1NI1Z ZQIAOZ III 0EMIZTAIT)PAZ 0EOAUPOZ 111 0EO[ innozoENHZ mrrjiNAc IZTIAIOZ KAYZTPIOZ KAEAZ KAEOMHAHZ AEQAAMAZ II AYKOMHAHZ MANT1KPATHZ III MErAAAHZ MEAANIS2N MEAANOIIOZ MENOITIOZ II MENTOP MN11ZAPXOZ1I MNHZI<I>IAOZII MOIPA TOPAZ NEQN NIKHPATOZ NIKIIX HENOKAIIZ II OAYN/MTllXOZ riHAEOOZ I 1I1T0EOZ niT0EYOZ nAATON nOAAAEIPIOZ nOAYZHAOZ II IIPYTANIZ 11 nY0AroPHZ ZKY0HZ TIMHZIANA- OEPAIOZ II <I>IAOAE£2Z ttYAAKOZ XAIP1MEN1IZ II XAIPITHZ XIMAPOZ 142 144 145 146 144 144 145 143 142 144 140 145 146 147 147 141 141 144 146 147 142 143 144 147 147 145 141 147 147 149 142 147 147 142 144 144 146 146 147 147 149 150 151 156 157 156 157 161 155 156 158 153 156 153 153 154 153 156 154 155 154 155 161 159 160 162 160 162 160 160 161 161 160 153 157 156 152 145 J47 148 149 147 149 153 154 160 153 156 157 147 160 161 162 156 157 Wag 2 Mag 5 165 167 165 11>6 166 Mag 2 Mag Mat; Muf; la [Mat; [Max 167 168 167 167 165 166 Mag 2 Mag 2 Wag Wag Wag 167 Wag 165 167 Mag 165 167 Magi 165 167 Mag Mag 166 167 167 168 147 161 163 163 166 167 164 153 154 156 160 144 145 142 Mag Mag Mag Mag 2 Mag Mag 2 Mag Mug 2 Mag Mag 2 205 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS Class J: Magistrates in alphabetical order Obv. 171 172 173 174 Hoard Provenance ANTIANAPOZ 172 AIArOPAZ II 174 AIOTIMIAAZ II 172 ETKAIPIOI 171 EXEAAMAI 171 innoKPiToi ii 172 KOMHZ II 174 N1KIAZ 171 riEPIXTPATOI III 174 1IHAEOOZII 172 riYGHZ 174 ZATT1QN 172 173 TIMOGEfOZ] 172 [...1AAPOZ 172 PK Miletus (Meadows) B. Deppert-Lippitz, Die Miinzprdgung Milets vom vierten bis ersten Jahrhundert v. Chr. (Aarau, Frankfurt am Main, Salzburg, 1984); P. Kinns, 'The Coinage of Miletus', NC 146 (1986), pp. 233-260. Tetradrachms of Deppert-Lippitz Period I, Series II Obv.: Head of Apollo wreathed, 1. Rev.: Lion walking 1. with head reverted; above star, beneath magistrate's name; in left field, monogram AHMAINOI 1 Al/Pl a. 15.30 D68. Boston 1886 2 A1/P2 a.' 15.14 D69. Sternberg 10 (1980) 118. Pixodarus Hoard 3 A1/P3 a.' 14.90 D70. Sotheby NY 19.vi.91 (Bunker Hunt IV), 351. NCirc 99 (1991) 6995. Pixodarus Hoard 4 A1/P4 a. 15.30 D71. Paris 1729 (Waddington 1802). Traite pi. 149, 7. 5 A2/P5 a.* 15.09 D74. MM AG 441 (1982) 15. Sotheby 21/2.vi.90 (Bunker Hunt II), 497. Pixodarus Hoard. 6 A3/P6 a. 15.20 D72. Berlin: Lobbecke, Z/TV 1887, pi. vi, 4. IGCH 1217. b.* 14.41 D73. Pixodarus Hoard 7 A4/P7 a." 15.21 D75. TNA 1 (1982) 111. Pixodarus Hoard. AAMNAI 8 A1/P8 a.' 15.06 D90. NAC 6 (1993) 164. Pixodarus Hoard. GEonponos; 9 A2/P9 a." 14.57 D—. Peus357 (1998) 302. b.* 14.95 D—. GM 96(1999) 185. 10 A2/P10 a. 14.13 D78. Berlin: Fox 1873 11 A3/P11 a.' 15.06 D—. Hirsch 169 (1991) 418. Lanz 66 (1993) 263. 12 A3/P12 a. 15.37 D77a. Leu/MMAG 1974, 220. IGCH 1215? b. 14.94 D77b+c. Munzhandlung Basel 4 (1935) 811. Hess/Leu 7.W.60, 216. MMAG Deutschland 8 (2001) 177. BPEMQN 13 A2/P13 a.' 15.17 D82. Leu 30 (1982) 177. NAC 2 (1990) 193. Mygind FPL 5 (1991) 97. Pixodarus Hoard. 14 A5/P14 a. 14.92 D8I. Berlin: Fox 1873 15 A6/P15 a.' 15.20 D83. Pixodarus Hoard. SIMOI 16 A2/P16 a. 15.23 D— 2001 Hoard 17 A3/P16 a.' 15.29 D—. Aufhauser4(1987) 110; 6 (1989) 148. 206 Pixodarus Hoard AHNAIOI 18 A3/P17 a." 14.91 D—. KM 30 (1981) 60. Lanz 26 (1983) 246. 19 A5/P18 a. 14.95 D79a. Berlin: Lobbcckc. ZfN 1887, pi. vi. 5. IGCH 1217. r 15.23 D79b. NFA 10 (1981) 177. Elsen 57 (1999) 1369. Pixodarus Hoard. c.' 14.97 D—. SBV 33 (1993) 307 on A6/P19 •i CI. 1 5 05 n_ London (BM). NCirc June 1968, 3440 21 A7/P20 a." 15.18 D76. Pixodarus Hoard. b/ 14.84 D—. Kunker43 (1998) 138 ZZ Ao/rZU a. u—. Snlh(>h\/ Q/in v QS 1^7 SNCl \<nn Prist 111 IfiCH 1715 23 A8/P21 a.' 15.05 D80. Pixodarus Hoard. 24 A8/P22 a.4 15.26 D—. SK7(1987) 231. Athena 1 (1987) 102. Aufhauser 5 (1988) 114. 25 A8/P23 a.' l j. i j V)—. T -in-/ 1f\ < \ Q9.f\\ 19.\ NFA 11 (\QQA\ 11 fx AYKOS 26 A7/P24 a." 15.30 D91. Leu 25 (1980) 147. Pixodarus Hoard. KAAAAIXXPOI 27 A7/P25 a. 14.55 D— Kurpl'alzische MH 53 (1997) 64 STPATIAHS 28 A7/P26 a.' 15.23 D88. Pixodarus Hoard. 29 A8/P27 a.' 1 J.Z / VJo 1. I pii SA f 1 QQ9^ MA Piv«Hnrii« HnarH LCU JH \ lyyA) 1 Jt. rlAUUdl Ua nuaiu. 30 A8/P28 a. 15.23 D84. Boston 1887 31 A9/P29 a.' 15.08 D86a. Leu FPL 20 (1985) 16, FPL 8.xi.92, 107. Pixodarus Hoard. b: 1 5 1 8 D86b. PivAilnnM! Hnarrl 32 A9/P30 a.' 14.67 D89. Pixodarus Hoard. 33 A9/P31 a. 15.23 D85. Leu 18 (1977) 191. Tradart 8.xi.92, 107. SNG vA 2089. IGCH 1215. EOAN0HZ 34 A9/P32 a.' 14.85 D—. Peus 315 (1986) 95 Uncertain 33 A3/P? a. 7 D93. Pixodarus Hoard. 34 A?/P? a. ? D92. Pixodarus Hoard. Arrangement of Issues Deppert-Lippitz (D-L)'s die study of this series has already been the subject of criticism by Kinns ('Miletus', p. 243), who points to the following duplications of obverse dies: V10 = V3, V17 = V14 = V13 and V19 = V16 = V5. These equivalences are accepted here, and a further three added: V9 = V12 = VI5, V18 = VI and V7 = V10 (=V3). For ease of reference a concordance between D-L's obverse die numbers and those employed in the catalogue above is provided below. Another mistake has further implications. D-L has misread her reverse die A8 as an issue of Demainos. In fact, the letter before the omicron is clearly an iota, and the traces of the three letters prior to that are consistent with eta, nu and alpha. The legend must read AHNAIOI. and two coins struck with the same reverse die that have appeared on the market in 1995 and 1998 (nos. 22a and 21b above) now put the matter beyond doubt. This in turn, through the die's combination with obverse die V5 (= VI9 and VI6) provides links between Lenaios, Stratides and Lykos. To this we may add the result of the equivalence of obverse dies V10 and V3 which provides a link between Demainos and Bremon, and dies VI8 and VI providing a link between Damnas and Demainos. Finally, a coin that appeared in commerce in 1981 (above, no. 18, unknown to D-L) 207 ASHTON, HARDW1CK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS and almost certainly from our hoard, reveals V2 to have been used by Lenaios as well as Demainos and Theopropos.56 V1=A1 V2=A3 V3=A2 V4=A4 V5=A7 V6 — V7=A2 V8=A5 V9=A8 V10=A2 V11=A6 V12=A8 V13=A9 V14=A9 V15=A8 V16=A7 V17=A9 V18=A1 V19=A7 Obverse Die Linkage r r Demainos Damnas Theopropos ' Bremon Simos Lenaios Lykos Kallaischros I— Stratides Eoanthes For a series represented by so few specimens, a remarkably full and tight set of die- links can thus be established. More may well await discovery. At Miletus, we are undoubtedly faced with a 'board' or 'boards' of magistrates striking contemporaneously, rather than sequentially. Chronology The full range of tetradrachms struck by the magistrates of Deppert-Lippitz's Period I, Series II was undoubtedly present in the Pixodarus hoard. The only two magistrates not firmly attested for the hoard (Theopropos and Eoanthes) are nonetheless represented in the catalogue above by specimens that have appeared on the market since 1979 (9a, 9b, 11 and 34). In any case both magistrates are die-linked to magistrates who were included. We can thus safely infer that the tetradrachms of Series II had been issued by the closure of the hoard, c. 341/0 BC. This conclusion is compatible with the two other pieces of hoard evidence for this Series: tetradrachms of Lenaios, Stratides and probably 56 It is perhaps also worth pointing out here another duplication in Series III. The four surviving tetradrachms of Artemon are all struck form one obverse die, not two as D-L suggests (V1=V2). 208 Pixodarus Hoard Theopropos (22, 33 and 12) as well as a drachm of Lenaios (SNG von Post 234) were included in the Mugla, 1950 hoard (1GCH 1215, CH 9.523), for a which a burial date of c. 340 has been proposed on the basis of its Hecatomnid contents.57 Pithyos, c. 1885 (IGCH 1217), buried c. 335 BC58 on the other hand, contained one drachm of Series I (Leukippos, D-L. 1) and one tetradrachm (Lenaios, no. 6a above) and 10 drachms (two of Demainos, D-L. 97; one of Theopropos, D-L. 114; four of Lenaios, D-L. 116; one of Damnas, D-L. 125; one of Simos, D-L. 136; one of Stratides, D-L. 137) of series II. In none of these hoards were present the tetradrachms of Artemon (D-L. 157-9 with Kinns, 'Miletus', p. 238) or any of the drachm or hemidrachm issues linked with them by Deppert-Lippitz on stylistic grounds (her Series III). In the case of the Pixodarus hoard, with its full representation of tetradrachm issues, this evidence must be decisive. There was clearly, as Deppert Lippitz suggested, an interval between the tetradrachms of Series II (finished by c. 341/0) and the tetradrachm issue of Artemon, and the smaller denominations that seem to accompany it (Series III). The absence of any issues of Series III from the Pithyos hoard further suggests that this later Series all belongs post c. 335. Between c. 341/0 and 335 there may simply have been a gap in production at the Milesian mint, or it may be to these years that belong the issues of the Series II magistrates known only from drachms (Theognetos, Erasinos and Eosebes, D-L. 140, 148 and 149). The date of the beginning of the tetradrachm issues of Series II must remain an area for speculaion. The eight obverse dies used to strike all the known specimens represent perhaps no more than four or five years continuous production at a major city such as Miletus. ARM 'Satrapal' Issue (Meadows) Pythagores A.E.M. Johnston, The Earliest Preserved Greek Map: A New Ionian Coin Type', JHS 87 (1967), pp. 86-94 Obv.: Persian king running r. with bow in 1. hand and spear in r. [nY]0ArO - PH[L] Rev.: Incuse punch with irregular features, heavily stippled 1 14.95 Leu 25 (1980) 165. Price Studies, pi. 32, 34. Pixodarus Hoard. To the debate about the mint of these coins and the nature of the reverse type, little can be added by the appearance of this coin in the Pixodarus hoard. A terminus ante quern of 341/0 BC for the beginning of the issue is now established, however.59 It is also worth commenting on the rarity of the form of the name TTueayopns- It is attested on coins only at Ephesus and Samos, and on inscriptions in Asia Minor additionally at Colophon. That the individual responsible for these coins is the same moneyer as at Ephesus now seems unlikely. The issues of Pythagores at Ephesus belong to the period after the burial of the Pixodarus hoard (see above, pp. 183, 194-5 and 205: Kinns class I). 57 No coins of Pixodarus were present. See Konuk, Hekatomnids, p. 112. 58 For this burial date, again on the basis of Hecatomnid content, see Konuk, ibid., p. 113. ",9 An advance on the evidence of the only other hoard in which they are attested, Caria 1965-6, IGCH 1219 (c. 330 BC). 209 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS Royal Achaemenid Issues (?) (Meadows) J.P. Six, 'Monnaies des Satrapcs de Carie', NC 17 (1877), 81-89. E. Babelon, Les Perses Achemenides. Les Satrapes et les Dynastes Tributaires de leur Empire (Paris, 1893), pp. cxxiii-cxxv. K. Konuk, 'Influences et Elements Achemenides dans le monnayage de la Carie' in O. Casabonne (ed.), Mecanismes et Innovations Monetaires dans I'Anatolic Achemenide: Numismatique et Histoire. Varia Anatolica XII (Paris, 2000), pp. 171-183, pis. 29-30. No fewer than 16 of these hitherto exteremely rare coins were contained in the Pixodarus hoard, while a further nine have appeared in commerce since its discovery, and are almost certainly to be attributed to it. All are listed below in and illustrated on Plates 30-31. Obv. Persian king kneeling r. drawing bow Rev. Rider holding spear on horse galloping r. 1 15.33 Sternberg 10(1980) 130 -2~1 15.27 Pixodarus Hoard J 14.80 Pixodarus Hoard 4 14.77 0 Lanz 30(1984) 270 5 14.03 60 Lanz 28 (1984) 275 6 15.20 180 Spink NY 3.V.95, 229. Price Studies, pi. 32, 33. Pixodarus Hoard 7 15.20 180 Lanz 64 (1993) 258 8 15.34 Pixodarus Hoard 9 15.25 210 Lanz 36(1986) 424 10 15.38 GM 96 (1999) 204. Pixodarus Hoard 11 15.32 Pixodarus Hoard 12 15.10 Pixodarus Hoard :13 L14 Leu FPL 22 (1987) 23. CNG 58 (2001) 620. Pixodarus Hoard 15.00 CNG 32 (1994) 175, 33 (1995) 287 15 15.31 Pixodarus Hoard 16 Pixodarus Hoard 17 15.17 Pixodarus Hoard 18 19 15.25 15.13 Pixodarus Hoard Pixodarus Hoard 20 15.23 Spink NY 3.V.95, 228. Peus 369 (2001) 194. Pixodarus Hoard 21 15.10 180 Lanz 36 (1986) 423. Superior 21 .ix.90, 42. -22 KM 62 (1995) 92 23 15.1 Spink NY 3.V.95, 230 c Pixodarus Hoard 25 Price Studies, pi. 32, 32. Pixodarus Hoard 210 Pixodarus Hoard The circumstances of issue of these coins have also long been debated. The evidence of the Pixodarus hoard at last provides some means for advance beyond mere speculation. Prior to the discovery of the Pixodarus hoard, the only hoard evidence for these issues had been the Caria, 1965-6 hoard (IGCH 1219), now dispersed, which contained didrachms of Pixodarus and tetradrachms described as being as Traite, pi. 91, 9_I7 60 xhe above catalogue now lists 16 coins which can with some confidence be attributed to the Pixodarus hoard and a further nine which seem likely also to have originated in the hoard. In his recent survey of the coinages of Caria of the Achemenid period, Konuk has helpfully listed the known varieties of these issues. Those with the types archer r./horseman r. may be divided broadly into two groups: those without control symbols or legends, and those with. This second group may be further divided into seven sub- groups according to the types of symbols they display (Konuk, groups 3-9).61 IGCH 1219, from the description published in IGCH, seems to have contained a mixture of groups one and two. Crucially, the Pixodarus hoard seems only to have contained the anepigraphic group. We may thus tentatively identify this as the earlier of the two groups and assign it to the period before the deposit of the hoard c. 341 BC, and the second group to the period after. The other important piece of evidence provided by the Pixodarus hoard concerns the relative size of the group one, anepigraphic coinage. Among the 25 specimens collected above, no fewer than 20 obverse dies can be identified. It is highly likely that the discovery of new coins will increase this number substantially, but even working with the minimum figure of 20 tetradrachm obverses, this is relatively speaking a large issue of coinage, compared to that of the Greek cities of Ionia and Caria in the fourth century, or even to that produced by the Hecatomnids, none of whom seem to have used much more than three tetradrachm equivalent dies per year throughout this period.62 These two new observations concerning the date and relative size of the first group must seriously alter the way in which we attempt to interpret this coinage. Despite the heavy use given to its dies and their relatively low artistic quality, this no longer looks like a swiftly produced emergency or expeditionary coinage. In place of the traditional ascription of these 'satrapal' issues to Memnon of Rhodes preparing for the arrival of Alexander, now chronologically impossible, or to the mission to restore Evagoras II to his Cypriot throne, we should perhaps be prepared to consider the possibility of a more established mint producing these issues for perhaps as long as a decade or more before the deposition of the Pixodarus hoard.63 Who, then was responsible, and where were they produced? One suggestion would fit all the evidence. As has been noted, the issues are characterised by substantial numbers of relatively poorly executed dies and heavy use of those dies. We might add the further obvious point that they carry royal Achaemenid 6(1 M0rkholm's date {IGCH ad loc.) of c. 330 BC for this hoard is the best that can be offered given the nature of the evidence. The subsequent appearance of a single specimen in the Syria 1989 hoard (CH 8, 158) with a burial date of c. 333-332 provides no advance, nor the unknown findspot, c. 1996 (CH 9, 464) hoard which seems to have been similar in composition to IGCH 1219. The status of the Calymna 1823 hoard (IGCH 1216), also said to have included these issues, is too uncertain to be of use. 61 To his sub-groups may be added one more which appeared in commerce in 1990, characterised by a horseman galloping left on the reverse and an aramaic legend, probably to be read as gm' (^c]). 62 For comparative figures see Ashton, 'Coinage of Rhodes', p. 98. 63 For rejection of the possibility of Memnon in favour of Evagoras, sec Konuk, pp. 177-8. 211 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS designs and lack legends. All of these features are characteristic of another silver coinage of western Asia Minor, the Achaemenid sigloi. It has in fact already been suggested by Mildenberg that these so-called satrapal Chian weight coins are in fact, like the sigloi, 'royal' Achaemenid issues.64 It is certainly clear from the evidence of the sigloi that Persian royal minting practice became more fragmented in the fourth century than it had been in the fifth. Moreover, the production of sigloi seems to have declined significantly in the fourth century.65 A partial shift on the part of the royal mints towards the production of Chian weight coinage could in part explain this latter phenomenon. Clearly more evidence and a full die-study of all the issues concerned is required to take matters further. Chios (Hardwick) J. Mavrogordalo, 'A chronological arrangement of the coins of Chios,' NC 1915-18 (Mavrogordato); A. Baldwin, 'The clectrum and silver coins of Chios issued during the sixth, fifth and fourth centuries: a chronological study,' AJN 48, 1914, 1-60, pls.I-VII; N.M.M.Hardwick, The Coinage of Chios from the Sixth to the Fourth Century BC, Oxford, DPhil thesis, 1991; id., 'The Coinage of Chios from the Vlth to the IVth century BC, in T.Hackens and Gh.Moucharte (eds), Actes du Xle Congres International de Numismatique, Bruxelles, septembre 1991, vol.1, (Louvain-la-Neuve, 1993), pp.211-222, pi.XIII (Hardwick, Actes). Catalogue The following catalogue lists all the tetradrachms of Chios that have appeared on the market since the discovery of the Pixodarus hoard. Where the attribution of a coin to the hoard is certain it is marked; all such coins are illustrated. It is highly likely that most, if not all, of the rest of the coins here listed also derived from the Pixodarus hoard. No die- study has been attempted. The coins are listed alphabetically. All are illustrated. Tetradrachms Obv. Sphinx scaled 1. Amphora and bunch of grapes to 1., all on a raised disc. Rev. Four part square with vertical or horizontal lines in small squares. Magistrate's name across horizontal dividing line. AOHNArOPHE 1 15.28 300 NAC 4 (1991) 146. Pixodarus Hoard AMMANIOS 2 14.94 Stack 4.V.95, 2080. CNG 38 (1996) 332 AfTEAAHX 3 15.08 270 Sotheby, NY, 21/22.6.90 (Hunt), 507. Pixodarus Hoard APrEIOI 4 14.79 90 Hirsch 162(1989) 251. APISTHX 5 15.14 330 Lanz60(1992)217. 64 L. Mildenberg, 'Money Supply under Antiochus III Ochus', Price Studies, p. 281. 65 On both phenomena see I. Carradice, 'The "Regal Coinage" of the Persian Empire' in id. (ed.), Coinage and Administration in the Athenian and Persian Empires (Oxford, 1987), pp. 73-95, esp. 92. 212 Pixodarus Hoard AIMENOI 6 15.05 270 Tkalec-Rauch, 15.iv.85, 74. NAC B (1992) 1439. MMAGFPL 555 (1992) 17. Auctiones 26 (1996) 230. Kiinker 35 (1997) 196. Pixodarus Hoard BAEIAE1AHZ 7 15.20 NAC 1 (1989) 204. NFA 30 (1992) 90. Triton II (1998) 424. Pixodarus Hoard 8 14.33 Miiller 66 (1990) 89. Kiinker 20 (1991) 147 9 14.49 GM 62 (1993) 274 EAIKEQN 10 14.29 CNG 35 (1995) 298 EOPYNOMOZ 11 14.68 Monnaies de Collection 19/20.vi.84, 135. PV 23.vi.86, 55 EPMAPXOX 12 15.15 270 Sothcby NY 19.vi.91 (Bunker Hunt IV), 368. Pixodarus Hoard EPMOOANTOE 13 15.28 0 Leu 33 (1983) 386; NFA 16 (1985) 215; Price PI. 31.16. Pixodarus Hoard 14 15.14 Auctiones 11 (1980) 163 ZHNOAOTOE 15 14.60 Berk 103 (1998) 194. NAC 11 (1998) 11. ZHNQN 16 14.76 180 NFA 29 (1992) 142. Sotheby Zurich 27/8.x.93, 691 HPAFOPHZ 17 15.36 90 Pixodarus Hoard HPOAOTOI 18 15.26 180 Leu 25 (1980) 150; Price Studies PI. 31.15. Pixodarus Hoard HPOZTPATOE 19 15.19 Pixodarus Hoard 0HPQN 20 14.78 GM 36 (1987) 225; 44 (1989) 391; 50 (1990) 352. PV 4.xi.92, 61. Vinchon 18.V.94 (Canovas) 19 inniHS 21 15.24 120 Lanz 56 (1991) 185. GM 58 (1992) 401. Berk 72 (1992) 154. Kovacs 11 (1993) 69. Pixodarus Hoard innoeooz 22 14.17 Ariadne 9.xii.83, 10. Superior 9/10.xii.89 (Heifetz) 2683. CNA 19.iv.90, 83 KPATHX 23 15.19 270 NFA 8 (1980) 268. Pixodarus Hoard AYKIAEOI 24 14.98 Lanz 36 (1986) 391. Pixodarus Hoard 25 14.38 GM 19 (1981) 68 nOAYKPITO(Z) 26 15.00 NFA 10(1981) 181; 22 (1989), 317. Pixodarus Hoard noiEiAinno(Z) 27 15.27 330 MMAG 64 (1984) 162. Elsen FPL 67 (1984) 19. Pixodarus Hoard 213 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS ZQKPATHX 28 14.54 29 14.89 30 15.24 31 15.05 Lanz 38 (1986) 335. Superior ll/12.vi.86. 1140. Lanz 62 (1992) 349. Pixodarus Hoard Sternberg 17 (1985) 151; FPL 3 (1991) 26; FPL 6 (1994) 48. Pixodarus Hoard GM 16 (1980) 389. Elsen FPL 46 (1982) 48; 55 (1983) 45. Monnaies de Collection 19/20.vi.84, 136. MUnzzentrum 67 (1989) 1466. Rauch 45 (1990) 93. Hild 60 (1991) 21. GM 55 (1991) 298. Burgan 23.xii.9L 18. Miillcr 71 (1992) 237. Superior 10/1 Lxii.93, 1718 OEPIKAHZ 32 15.05 0 NFA 16 (1985) 214. Pixodarus Hoard Overview of the Coinage Chios resumed minting its own coinage after its revolt from Athens in 412 and all the issues of the fourth century have the state's emblem, the left-facing sphinx, on the obverse, accompanied by an amphora and grapes in the field left on the silver issues.66 After a group of an electrum stater and tetradrachm with a wreath around the obverse type and a four-part incuse square reverse, to be dated c. 410,67 tetradrachms, drachms and hemidrachms with the obverse type on a raised disc and a four-part incuse square reverse were struck. The inclusion of tetradrachms of these latter issues in the Hecatomnus hoard guarantees that they were in production by the date of its deposit, c. 390-385.68 In the later part of the group, the reverse punch is formalised with granulations or striations in the squares.69 These issues are anepigraphic. They are followed by the tetradrachms and drachms with magistrates' names,70 the group to which the tetradrachms in the Pixodarus hoard belong. The obverse type is placed on a raised disc, which is often less pronounced than in the previous group. The arrangement of the reverse with a four-part square with vertical or horizontal lines or stippling in the small squares and a magistrate's name across the horizontal division is a further formalisation of the original four-part square punch. Such conservatism is paralleled to some extent at Teos and Ephesus, among neighbouring mints. To the fourth century also belong the earliest bronze coins, all with a left facing sphinx on the obverse. The first group, dating to the first quarter of the century, has a reverse design of an amphora surrounded by dots, the second group, which shares magistrates' names with the silver issues, dating to the second quarter of the century, has an amphora, ethnic and magistrate's name, and the third group, dating to the third quarter of the century, has the ethnic and magistrate's name on a cross surrounded by a vine wreath.71 Chronology The chronology for the various groups is established from the association of these coins with the issues of the Hecatomnids Mausolus and Pixodarus in the hoards discussed below, including the Pixodarus hoard, which, as we shall see, dates the tetradrachms with names to the mid the fourth century. 66 For a full discussion of these issues and their date, see Hardwick, Actes, 216-20. 67 Hardwick, fates, pi. 13.11-12; Mavrogordato, pi.18.9 (el. stater). 68 Above p. 105. Hardwick, Actes, pi.13.13-14, 16; Mavrogordato, pi.18.10-12, 13-14, 16,21. 69 Hardwick, Actes, pi. 13.17; Mavrogordato, pl.18.15, 17-20, 22. 70 Hardwick, Actes, pi.13.18-21; Mavrogordato, pi.19.4-10. 71 Hardwick, Actes, pl.13.22, 23, 24; Mavrogordato, pl.18.2-3, 14-16, 17-19. 214 Pixodarus Hoard The date of the commencement of the magistrate issues is uncertain, though it begins after the anepigraphic group which, as we have noted, was in circulation by c.390-385. Possible evidence for the initial date is provided by an inscription in Athens, which has a list of magistrates' names of Chian financiers, who handed over money to Delos before the Athenian boule. Since none of their names occur on the coins under discussion, it could suggest that the new series commenced after c.375, the date of the inscription, if we assume that the financiers are likely also to have acted as mint magistrates.72 However, the hoard evidence makes it clear that the issues with magistrates' names were certainly in circulation by c. 365 BC. Yaka, 1959 {IGCH 1214), buried c. 365, contained 1 16 silver coins including three drachms of Chios from the group with the four part square punch reverse, dating to the early fourth century, and three tetradrachms of Chios with magistrates' names (EPMOOANTOI, APIXTEIAHZ, and another illegible). The Yaka tetradrachm of EPMOOANTOZ has the same obverse die as the Pixodarus example, and others of BAXIAEIAHL (e.g. BMC 28.). In Leros, 1974 (CH 1. 54), buried c. 350, were found more than 16 silver coins including one drachm with the name IQITPA, and two drachms of the previous group without names, alongside a didrachm and drachms of Cos, a didrachm of Rhodes and drachms of Colophon, including a coin of the magistrate NIK1AI, who is dated by the association of his issue with coins of Mausolus in the Pademlik hoard {IGCH 1218) buried c. 350. Pithyos on Chios (IGCH 1217) buried c. 335, contained Chian coins, comprising 17 drachms, 11 without names and 6 with names, 4 hemidrachms and 149 bronze coins from the first three groups, in association with silver issues of the Carian satraps Mausolus and Pixodarus, whose coins date the burial of the hoard. The Pixodarus hoard with its burial date of c. 341/0 BC, which seems to have included only tetradrachms with magistrates' names, thus reinforces the already well-established impression that these issues were in circulation by the middle of the century. The evidence of the bronze coins points towards a similar conclusion. The second bronze group contains coins struck by the magistrates A0HNA, inniAL and noiIAin, the first two of whom are represented in the Pindakas hoard along with a drachm of Mausolus {IGCH 1211), and were therefore active before 340. The silver issues of the magistrates AOHNArOPHX, inniHS and noiEIAinnoi, which are almost certainly issues of the same magistrates are thus also to be dated to the 350s or earlier.73 In addition to the hoard evidence, the chronology of the group with the names is independently supported by the presence of a drachm with the name IIXIMA in a tomb in Bodrum in association with an Attic pelike, dated to the 350s by similarity to vases found at Olynthus in the destruction layer of 348.74 12 O. Alexandri, 'A9r)vai-AxTikt('. ADelt 25 Bl (1970), 60, pi.56a; discussion by D.M. Lewis, review of J.Coupry, Inscriptions de Delos. Periode de VAmphictyonie attico-delienne. Actes administratifs. Gnomon 47 (1975), 718-9. I owe this observation to the late D.M. Lewis, who brought the inscription to my attention. 73 The slight variations in spelling of the last two names are unlikely to be significant. We can compare the forms of 0EOTTII and 0EYTTII on drachms struck from the same obverse die, which shows that variations of the same name exist, although in this case both are Ionic forms. inrilHI is an Ionic form; inniAI non-Ionic. 74 The coin is BM 1859-10-25-1, BMC 26. The pelike is BM E428. C.T. Newton, A History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, Cnidus and Branchidae, II, Part 1 (London, 1862), 334-6, discusses the tomb. G.E. Bean and J.M. Cook, The Halicarnassus peninsula,' BSA 50 (1955), 94, n.57, note P.E. Corbell's comparison of the pot with Olynthus XIII, pi.64-5.50. 215 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS As for the end date of the tetradrachms with magistrates' names, a certain caution is required. In the absence of a die-study of all the issues firm conclusions are not possible. Not all magistrates are represented in the hoard;75 however if the original Chian portion of the hoard were in fact no larger than we have been able to record (33 coins), the absence of certain magistrates may be purely a matter of chance, without chronological significance. On the other hand, it is worth pointing out that no magistrate's name from the third group of bronze, which by its representation in the Pithyos hoard (IGCH 1217) can be dated before c. 335, occurs on the silver tetradrachms and drachms. Magistrates and Output The Pixodarus hoard attests several magistrates' names previously unknown for this group: A0HNATOPHZ76, AMMANIOI, AFIEAAHX, APTEIOE, EAIKEQN, ZHNOAOTOI, ZHNQN, HPOAOTOE, HPOLTPATOZ, KPATHZ, IQKPATHZ,77 OEPIKAHS) and Others of which only one example was previously known (APIITHI, AYKIAEOL, IIOAYKPITOI, AIMENOI, inniHX). For this group, 34 names are now known for the tetradrachms, and 22 further names from the contemporary drachms and second bronze group.78 The significant number of new names in the hoard from this group together with the number of magistrates still only known by a single specimen suggests that other magistrates may well have existed. Over 50 obverse dies exist for the tetradrachms and for many obverses and reverses only one coin remains, suggesting that the issue had a larger number of dies. The output of Chios during the fourth century until the time of Alexander was thus the second largest of the cities in Ionia, after that of Ephesus.79 Conclusion The tetradrachms and drachms with magistrates' names on the Chian standard were issued at Chios in the second quarter of the fourth century. How early the group began is uncertain. The hoard shows that the group remained in circulation into the third quarter of the century and that many new dies and magistrates' names may still remain to be discovered. NH 75 Absent are: 0EOAQPOL (Paris 3009); AEQXOL (Vienna 32.716); AM<DIMHAHE (Athens, Empedocles); [AHMO?]KPATHZ (BMC 29); EYPYBIAAHI (ANS); KAAAIKAHI (BMC 31); APIITEIAHI (Istanbul ex Yaka hoard), AIONYZ (ANS); tDOINIE (Paris 3012). At least one of these magistrates (APIXTEIAHX, represented in the Yaka hoard) had probably been active before c. 365 BC. Also absent are the reduced weight tetradrachms in the names of HPIAANOI, KHOIIOKPI and SKYMNOI. 76 This name may appear on the second bronze group as A0HNA, Mavrogordato, 412.53. 77 Attic cultural influence on Chios may be apparent with the name of IQKPATHX. The name is attested in Athens from the sixth century, but is uncommon on the islands where all but one example on Euboea (Styra, LGPN (46)) are later than the presumed date of birth of the man mentioned on this coin. The only other example on Chios is on an inscription dated ii/i BC, LGPN (4). For Attic names on Chios connected with the family of Pcisistratos, see W.G. Forrest, 'A lost Pcisistratid name,' JHS 101, 1981, 134. Cf. APrEIOI attested by no. 4 above and inniAZ/inniHZ from the contemporary series of silver and bronze, Mavrogordato, 408.50, pl.XIX.9, 413.53 and no. 21 above. 78 Few of the names found on the tetradrachms also appear on the drachms or bronze, which could have either chronological or organisational implications. 79 P. Kinns, 'Ionia: the pattern of coinage during the last century of the Persian empire', REA 91 (1989), 183-93, for a survey. 216 Pixodarus Hoard Samos (Meadows) Catalogue The following coins belonged to or most probably belonged to the Pixodarus hoard. Bold-face numbers indicate certain inclusion, other specimens are included on the basis of the date of their appearance on the market. (a) Tetradrachms of Barron Class X, c. 400-365 BC Obv.: Lion's mask facing Rev.: Forepart of an ox r., wearing ornamental collar, r. leg bent. Behind an olive branch; below r. ZA. Above magistrate's name; the whole in incuse square. MAPEYAX + bee Barron—: A65 P—. 1 14.90 180 Barron—: A66 P as last. 2 15.27 0 AOXITHZ + bee Barron—: A69 P— 3 15.16 180 Lanz 46 (1988) 278; Antiqua 9 (2000) 49. Pixodarus Hoard. NFA 10 (1981) 184; Sotheby NY 19.vi.91 (Bunker Hunt IV), 370. Price Studies, pi. 32, 18. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. riHNEIOZ Barron—: A—P 137 4 15.17 0 Pixodarus Hoard. MN]HIIAHM[OI] Barron—; A— P— 5 15.23 180 Leu 25 (1980) 151. Price Studies, pi. 32, 19. Pixodarus Hoard. TAYPEAE Barron 144: A71 P138. 6 15.20 MMAG 66 (1984) 252. Pixodarus Hoard. RY61QN Barron 147: A74P141 7 15.32 180 Pixodarus Hoard. 8 15.15 180 Pixodarus Hoard. Barron 149: A74 P143. 9 14.90 180 Sotheby 19/20.vi.91 (Bunker Hunt IV), 371. Triton III (1999) 534 (Sinton). Pixodarus Hoard. APIZTA[ Barron—: A 76 P— 10 15.19 210 Pixodarus Hoard. AAEHANA[POI] Barron—: A77 P—. 11 14.81 90 Auctiones 18 (1989) 762?? NCirc. Dec 1998, 7223. Price Studies, pi. 32, 20. Pixodarus Hoard. 12 14.66 SBV 35 (1994)51 AHMQN Barron—: A78 P—. 13 15.11 Athena 1 (1987) 113. GM 69 (1994) 362. ZHNOAOTOI MANAPArOPEIJ Barron—: A79 P— 14 15.14 180 Pixodarus Hoard. 217 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS Barron—: A80 P—. 15 14.52 Hirsch 167 (1990) 439. CNG 24 (1992) 289. GM 62 (1993) 276. EniKPATHX AXEAOIO Barron 157: A80P151. 16 14.87 MMAG 75 (1989) 268. Pixodarus Hoard. Barron—: A— P— 17 15.11 180 Pixodarus Hoard. Barron—: A80 P as last 18 15.20 180 MMAG FPL 571 (1994) 24; MMAG 85 (1997) 114. Pixodarus Hoard. Barron—: A80 P— 19 14.71 NFA 10 (1981) 183. Pixodarus Hoard. 20 14.84 Pontcrio 76 (1995) 285. Pixodarus Hoard. Ban-on—: A80 P— 21 15.02 NAC 2 (1990) 195. NCirc 98 (1990) 3051. Pixodarus Hoard. En IK PA THE Barron 159: A81 P153. 22 Sotheby NY 19.vi.91 (Bunker Hunt IV), 372. Pixodarus Hoard. MOIPIAAHS Barron—: A— PI 55. 23 14.50 CNG 50 (1999) 836. Pixodarus Hoard. Barron—: A— P— 24 15.21 180 Pixodarus Hoard. The issues of Pythion and Lochites are known to have appeared in both the Hecatomnus and Pixodarus hoards. Hence, coins of these magistrates appearing on the market since 1979 cannot safely be attributed to one hoard or the other. The following coins must be considered as possibly belonging to either hoard. They are listed again in the publication of the Hecatomnus hoard. nYOlfiN Barron—: A73 P— (dies of Hecatomnus hoard 23) A 14.97 SKA 7 (1987)242 Barron 148: A74P142. B 14.42 180 NFA 8 (1980), 271. Monnaiesde Collection 3 (1982), 184. Lanz 28 (1984), 269. Hirsch 148 (1985), 97 C 14.93 Hirsch 174 (1992), 302 Barron 149: A74P143. D 15.16 PV 29.xii.90, 17. AOXITHX + bee Barron 140: A67P134. E Berk 80 (1994), 160 Barron 141: A68P135. F 15.08 GM 79(1996), 222; 81 (1997), 336 (b) Tetradrachm of previously unrecorded variety, c. 360/59-340 BC Obv:. Lion's mask facing Rev:: Athena standing r. brandishing spear in r. hand and wearing shield bearing gorgoneion on raised 1. hand. Behind, laurel branch above and owl r. below; in front downwards, ZA 25 15.21 180 Leu 25 (1980) 152; Sotheby NY 4.xii.90 (Bunker Hunt III) 38. Price Studies, pi. 32, 21. Pixodarus Hoard. 218 Pixodarus Hoard Arrangement of the new issues. The Pixodarus hoard produces evidence for four magistrates not recorded by Barron in his class x, mapxyax, mn]HE1AHM[Q2, AP1STAH and aaeeana[pox], as well as a tetradrachm of an entirely new type.80 The position of MAPZYAS at the head of the list is guaranteed both by the obverse die links to the issues of nEIPANAPIAHl (A65) and nYGAroPHX (A66),81 and by the appearance of the bee symbol on the reverse. The obverse die seems less flawed, notably below the ears, than on Pythagores' issue, which it should thus precede. Mnesidemos is difficult to place in sequence. The magistrate's name was unknown to Barron in 1966,82 and thus unplaced in his catalogue. Obverse and reverse dies are both distinctive in appearance. The oblique flow of the upper locks on the lion scalp, contrasting with the virtually horizontal protrusion of those at the side finds its closest parallel in Barron 149 (obverse 74 - Pythion). In general, Barron himself now regards the obverse as close to his die 52 (Barron 115 Hegesianax) and "closer still to the issues of his successors Aristeides, Peirandrides and Lochites [Barron 135-142]".83 The reverse is distinctive for the angle of the bull's horn and ear and the vertical, elongated nature of the olive leaves. The olive branch is again close to that in use on the reverse of Barron 115 (rev. 113 Hegesianax [cf. also rev. 114]) but also to that of 144-5 (rev. 138 Taureas and rev. 139 Epios). The absence of a monogram or symbol on the reverse which ceases with Barron 140 (Lochites) must probably push Mnesidemos after the immediate successors of Hegesianax, but perhaps no further. A position after Peneios (closely linked in reverse style to Lochites) and immediately before the issue of Taureas, with which one aspect of style is shared, seems most appropriate. Certainty without further die-links is impossible, however. With coins 9 (Arista-) and 10 (Alexandros), matters are more straightforward, thanks to die-links to issues of Demetrius (obv. 76, fresher for Arista-) and Alkmeon, Leontiskos and Eoagores (obv. 77) respectively. The state of the die on Alexandros' issue looks comparable with that of Leontiskos (Barron 153). Absolute Chronology The implications of both the Hecatomnus and Pixodarus hoards for the chronology of class x of Samos is discussed fully above in the publication of the former hoard (pp. 106-113). It remains only to consider the position of the new type with Athena reverse. The matter has been discussed at length by Barron, and his conclusions may be summarised as follows. The obvious model for the figure of Athena Promachos on the reverse of this issue, given its very explicit Athenian context (the owl and an the olive branch), is the depiction of Athena Promachos on the Panathenaic prize amphorae. Examination of the stylistic development of these depictions led Barron to conclude that the only year in which Athena was depicted on an amphora with exactly the combination of features she exhibits on the coin was 360/59 BC. This, then, provides 80 The magistrate AAEEANAPOX is recorded by Barron for a trihemiobol which he assigns to his Samian standard issues of c. 300 BC (Barron, Samos, p. 217, no. 1). This, along with the drachms and one of the hemidrachm issues listed by Barron (ibid.) should probably be reassigned to class X and the period before 366 BC. See above p. 112 n.20. 81 A die-duplicate of this issue had already appeared as lot 247 in Leu 13 (1975) (=Hirsch 189 [1996] 245), possibly from the 'S. of Izmir? 1974' hoard (CHI. 28). Cross refer to appendix on this hoard? 82 Though it was extant on a coin in Berlin from the Lbbbecke collection: A. Lbbbecke, ZfN 12 (1885) 321. Cf. Hurter, 'Pixodarus hoard', p. 150 n.19. 83 Barron, 'Goddesses', p. 23, where the die of Hegesianax is wrongly cited as A51. 219 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS the terminus post quern for the coin, that is to say after the expulsion of the Samians from the island by Timotheus in 366, while the burial of the hoard provides a terminus ante quern of c. 341/0 BC, that is to say well before the restoration of the Samians in 322 BC. Barron goes on to suggest that the cleansing of the island of Samians in 366 may not have been as complete as has often been assumed, and that the coin may provide evidence of a quasi-autonomous Samian community living alongside or in some state of subservience to the attested Athenian cleruchs on the island.84 Certainly the two sides of the coin seem to exist in tension with one another, with its Samian design on the one side and Athenian on the other. By extraordinary co- incidence a Samian inscription recently published by Chrtistian Habicht and Klaus Hallof, and dated by them to the years between 352 and 348/7 BC, seems to confirm the co-existence of Athenians and Samians on the island at precisely the period in question.85 We do not need to envisage two separate communities however. The inscription, which lists the members of the Athenian cleruchy's Council, composed according to the Athenian model, contains two interesting names. Under the tribe of Aigeis in column ii is found a certain Aecos and under Hippothontis in column viii is an AxeAcoios. Both names are otherwise unknown within Attica, but are, of course, attested on the issues of Barron's class X at Samos. Habicht concludes that both men were from Samian families naturalised at Athens.86 We may well question how many other Samians returned to the island as Athenians and played an active role in the government of the cleruchy. It is certainly not inconceivable that the new tetradrachm is in fact an issue of the cleruchy. ARM Cnidus (Ashton) R.H.J. Ashton, The late classical/early Hellenistic drachms of Knidos', RN 1999, pp. 63-95; J. H. Nordb0, Utmyntningen pa Knidos, 394 f. Kr.-ca. 210 e. Kr. (University of Oslo MA thesis, 1972; unpub.); brief summary, and in part revision, of the latter in id., 'The Coinage of Knidos after 394 BC, ProclNC 10 (1989), pp. 51-56. The hoard contained two Cnidian didrachms: Obv. Head of Aphrodite Euploia r., hair in sphendonc and stephane, wearing earring and necklace; behind neck, prow; around head, KNIAIQN. Rev. Forepart of lion r.; to r., EmrONOZ and forepart of deer; square incuse. 1" 7.38 12 Private coll., acq. 1995. Ashton, p. 84, 2f (this coin; 'Series A'). Obv. Head of Aphrodite 1., hair in sphendone, wearing earring and necklace; behind head, bunch of grapes; around neck, K-NI. Rev. Forepart of lion I.; below, KA]EOM[HA; round incuse 2* 7.6287 Hurter, 'Pixodaros', pi. 32. 22. Ashton, p. 85, 10 (this coin; 'Series B'). 84 Barron, 'Goddesses', pp. 27-36: 'the addition of owl and olive to the figure of the Promachos as reverse type, displacing the emblem of Hera, is a mark of the remianing Samians' close dependence on the goodwill of the Athenians in their midst.' 85 K. Hallof and Chr. Habicht, 'Bulcuten und Beamte der Athenischen Kleruchie in Samos', MDAI(A) 110 (1995), pp. 273-304, pis. 54-5 (SEG 45. 1162). Cf. Chr. Habicht, 'Athens, Samos, and Alexander the Great', PAPhS 140/3 (1996), pp. 397-405. 86 Hallof and Habicht, op. cit. (last note), p. 297. 87 This is the weight recorded in notes at the British Museum. In my 1999 article, p. 85, n.18, I give reasons for suggesting that it was an error for 6.62 g. 220 Pixodarus Hoard In RN 1999, pp. 86-88,1 suggested that Series A of the Cnidian didrachms, to which no. 1 belongs, dates to c. 380-c. 360, and Series B, to which no. 2 belongs, to the 350s. This receives some support from a remarkable new didrachm, which displays characteristics of both Series B and of the apparently almost contemporary Series C, but has no die-links to either: Obv. Head of Aphrodite L, hair al back rolled without sphendone, wearing earring and necklace. Rev. Forepart of lion r.; above, EYOPQN; below, KNIAION. 3* 5.69 g (chipped) 12 Ashton coll., ex cBAY 231286383, December 1999 (CNG) The name Euphron occurs on an issue of fourth century Cnidian drachms which, as I argued on independent grounds on pp. 64, 77 and 79-80 of the same article, seems to be among the first of its series and to date to the late 350s. It thus seems reasonable to maintain the view that Series B of the Cnidian didrachms belongs to the 350s, perhaps specifically to the late 350s, and that Series A belongs a decade or two earlier. Both Cnidian didrachms in the Pixodaros hoard are in fresh condition, suggesting that they had been removed from circulation some years before concealment of the hoard in the late 340s. RHJA The Hecatomnids (Konuk) At least 634 coins of Mausolus, Idrieus and Pixodarus have been identified as belonging to the hoard.88 It did not contain any issue of Hekatomnos or Rhoontopates. Only tetradrachms of Mausolus and Idrieus, and tetradrachms and didrachms of Pixodarus occurred in the hoard; there is no record of drachms or coins of lower denomination. Mausolus (377-353) In addition to the main run of Hecatomnid coinage from Mausolus to Pixodarus listed below, the Pixodarus hoard also furnished important evidence for two extraordinary issues. Type A Obv. Archer crowned with kidaris, standing r. shooting arrow Rev. Zeus Labraundos standing r. laureate with hair in long plait, wearing chiton and himation wrapped around the left arm, and holding long spear pointing downward in I. and labrys resting on shoulder in r. 1. Al/Pl a. 15.04 Paris. Traite, pi. 91, 6 2. A2/P2 a.' 15.01 Leu 25 (1980) 166. Price Studies, pis. 32, 35 and 61, 80. Pixodarus hoard. 3. A3/P3 a." 15.15 Pixodarus hoard °8 What follows is based on Konuk, Hekatomnids. Since a full die-study will be included in the forthcoming publication of the thesis, only a brief account of Mausolus' and Idrieus' coins is presented here. However, given the importance of Pixodarus' coins for dating the hoard, a full publication of his coins is included. 221 ASHTON, HARDWTCK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS TypeB Obv. Zeus Osogoa standing I. laureate, wearing chiton and himation, holding a long trident in r. and eagle in 1. Rev. Zeus Labraundos standing r. laureate with hair in long plait, wearing chiton and himation wrapped around the left arm, and holding long spear pointing downward in 1. and labrys resting on shoulder in r; behind, MA. 1. Al/Pl a." 15.03 Leu 25 (1980) 160. Price studies, pi. 32, 23. Pixodarus hoard 2. A1/P2 a." 15.01 Sternberg 10 (1980) 125. Berk 86 (1995) 284. Pixodarus hoard Type A was known prior to the appearance of the Pixodarus hoard by just one specimen. Its date and attribution had been a matter of controversy, but attribution of this series to the Hecatomnid dynasty is surely guaranteed by its reverse type. Its date must be close to that of Type B, since the wear of the coins of both types in the hoard was comparable.89 Type B was completely unknown before the appearance of the hoard but is obviously, in view of its legend, to be attributed to Mausolus. Above all, however, the hoard yielded more than half of all known Apollo-type tetradrachms of Mausolus (227 specimens in the hoard out of a total of 394), with all known series represented, from the very beginning of the coinage until the end, and 70 % of all recorded dies (52 obverse dies in the hoard out of a total of 73 recorded). Some tetradrachms are better preserved than others, but this is primarily due to oxidation rather than wear, and indeed the hoard's tetradrachms show consistently little wear throughout the entire series. A full publication of these coins is provided in Konuk, Hekatomnids. Idrieus (351-344) Only tetradrachms occur in the hoard, with the entire series represented. Until the appearance of the hoard tetradrachms of Idrieus were quite rare with only 33 specimens known. The hoard contained at least 206 tetradrachms from 22 of the 23 dies recorded. At over 1:10, the ratio of obverse dies to known specimens suggests that the original production of obverse dies did not exceed the 23 recorded. The last two dies of Idrieus were re-used for Pixodarus' tetradrachms. All known coins of Idrieus struck from these two dies are listed in the catalogue below. Tetradrachms Obv. Laureate head of Apollo three-quarter facing to right, the hair flowing outwards from central parting, the iris and pupil of the eye clearly marked; chlamys clasped at neck truncation. Rev. Zeus Labraundos standing to right, laureate with hair in long plait behind, wearing chiton and himation wrapped around the left arm, and holding long spear pointing downward in his left hand and labrys with his right hand, resting on shoulder; IAP1EQI inscribed vertically to right along the spear; E inscribed between end of himation and spear. Al/Pl 1 a. 15.10 Schlessinger 13 (1935) 1334. b.' 15.25 Pixodarus Hoard; NFA 8 (1980) 288; Sotheby (NY) 2l.vi.90, 524. Konuk, Hekatomnids pp. 90-94 and p. 235. 222 Pixodarus Hoard A1/P2 2 a." 14.26 Pixodarus Hoard; Athena FPL 10(1980/81)40. A1/P3 3 a.' 15.13 Lisbon, Gulbenkian coll., 786; Sotheby 24.iv.07, 200; Jameson coll., 1568. b. 15.20 Paris, BNF, Babelon, Perses ache me nicies, 405, pi. 10, 8; Traite, 100, pi. 90, 8; de Luynes coll., pi. 108, 2911; Hurter, 'Karische Fragen\ pi. 4, 4. A1/P4 4 a. 14.25 Pixodarus Hoard; Hurter, 'Karische Fragen', pi. 4, 5; Price Studies, pi. 33,47. A2/P4 5 a* 15.03 Pixodarus Hoard; Hurter,'Karische Fragen', pi. 4, 6 (15.20g before cleaning); Sotheby 27.x.93 (Zurich), 701; Price Studies, pi. 33, 48. b. 15.20 Pixodarus Hoard; G. Hirsch 171 (1991) 345; 175 (1992) 406. A2/P5 6 a." 14.87 Brussels, de Hirsch coll., 1541. Pixodarus(341-336) Both tetradrachms and didrachms were included in the hoard. Of the three dies used for Pixodarus' tetradrachms, two were originally engraved for Idrieus, and are attested in the hoard by 14 of the 19 known tetradrachms. This die-sharing and the carry-over of the control letter E from the reverse of Idrieus' last tetradrachms to all of Pixodarus' tetradrachms suggest a date of issue for Pixodarus' tetradrachms early in his reign. The didrachm, however, was Pixodarus' main silver denomination. A total of 60 obverse and 225 reverse dies have been identified for the entire series.90 However, only 6 obverse and 26 reverse dies are represented in the 182+ mint-condition specimens in the Pixodarus hoard, and indeed A3 alone is attested by at least 91 specimens, struck with 11 reverse dies, of which 23 specimens belong to a single die-combination (A3/P14, Plate 35, 281). In the catalogue that follows a full die-study of the tetradrachms is produced; for the didrachms a study only of the dies included in the Pixodarus hoard is provided. Tetradrachms Obv. and Rev. same as previous but with niZOAAPOI Al/Pl Obverse die originally cut for Idrieus. 7 a. 15.07 Paris, BNF 413b. Traite, 110, pi. 90, 18. Hurler, 'Karische Fragen', pi. 4. 7. b. 14.45 New York, 1967.152.463. c." 15.20 London, 1951-10-7-4 ; MMAG 9 (1951) 299. d 14.54 Pixodarus Hoard; NFA 10 (1981) 194; Sotheby NY 19.vi.91 (Bunker Hunt IV), 390. A1/P2 8 a.' 14.99 Berlin, C.R. Fox 1873, Young 1831. A2/P3 Obverse die originally cut for Idrieus 9 a. 14.71 Pixodarus Hoard; Leu 25 (1980) 164; Hurler, 'Karische Fragen', pi. 4, 8; Sotheby 21 .vi.90 (New York), 528; Hurter, 'Pixodarus Hoard', pi. 33, 49. b. 15.25 SNG vA 8047; NAC 5 (1992) 154; 9 (1996) 343. 90 A few minor changes have been made to the catalogue provided in Konuk, Hekatomnids to integrate coins from the hoard that had not then been recorded. 223 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS A2/P3 (cont.) 9 c. 15.11 Pixodarus Hoard; Elsen FPL 111 (1988) 34; FPL 119 (1989) 23. d.' 15.21 Pixodarus Hoard; Tkalec-Rauch, 16.xi.87, 118; Leu 54 (1992) 143. c. 15.17 Pixodarus Hoard; NFA 8 (1980) 289; 16 (1985) 217; 25 (1990) 149; Sotheby 26.X.93 (Zurich), 54. f. 14.85 Pixodarus Hoard; GM 44 (1989) 398; Rauch 43 (1989) 397; Lanz 50 (1989) 431; GM 50 (1990) 354; 67 (1994) 280. Q o- 14.83 Pixodarus Hoard; Sotheby NY 21/2.vi.90 (Bunker Hunt 11), 529. h. 14.78 Pixodarus Hoard; Sotheby NY 19.vi.91 (Bunker Hunt IV), 391. i. 15.35 Pixodarus Hoard; Leu 45 (1988) 234. j- 15.23 Pixodarus Hoard. k. 15.28 Pixodarus Hoard. 1 15.35 Pixodarus Hoard. m. 15.24 Pixodarus Hoard. A3/P3 10 a. 15.29 Pixodarus Hoard; Hurter, 'Karische Fragen", pi. 4, 9; Price Studies, pi. 33, 50. Didrachms Obv. and Rev. same as tetradrachms but plain reverse and, instead of a spear, long sceptre upwards terminated with a triple-head (leuron. Al/Pl 11 a. 6.70 Pixodarus Hoard; Empire Coins 6, 14.xi.86 (Dallas), 64. A1/P2 12 a. 7.03 Pixodarus Hoard; MMAG 77 (1992) 125. b 6.94 Pixodarus Hoard; MMAG 68 (1986) 299; Leu 45 (1988) 235; Price Sudies, pi. 59, 42. c. 7.03 Pixodarus Hoard; GM 69 (1994) 370. d. 6.73 Pixodarus Hoard; Bonhams 4 (1980) 170; BPN FPL 22 (1982) 13; 26 (1982) 124. e. 6.90 Pixodarus Hoard; Christie 7.ii.89 (New York), 17; Berk 43 (1986) 119. f. 6.18 Pixodarus Hoard; Lanz 22 (1982) 395; Kricheldorf 36 (1982) 72; BPN FPL June 1984, 129. a &■ 7.03 Pixodarus Hoard. h. 7.04 Pixodarus Hoard. i. 7.01 Pixodarus Hoard. I- 6.95 Pixodarus Hoard. k.' Pixodarus Hoard. 1. 7.06 Pixodarus Hoard. m. 6.91 Pixodarus Hoard. n. Pixodarus Hoard. 0. Pixodarus Hoard. P- Pixodarus Hoard. q- Pixodarus Hoard. r. Pixodarus Hoard. A1/P3 13 a. 7.03 Pixodarus Hoard; Tradart 3, 01.xii.85 (New York), 137. b.' 6.96 Pixodarus Hoard. A1/P4 14 a. 6.77 Pixodarus Hoard; Lanz 18 (1980) 112. b* 6.92 Pixodarus Hoard; Leu 28 (1981) 172; Mildcnberg, 'Miinzwesen im Reich', pi. 8, 47; Price Studies, pi. 52, 51. c. 7.05 Pixodarus Hoard; Tkalec-Rauch, I5.iv.85, 79. d. Pixodarus Hoard; NAC, 26.X.95, 229. e. Pixodarus Hoard. 224 Pixodarus Hoard A2/P4 15 a.' A2/P3 16 a. 6.85 b. c. 6.97 d* 7.03 c. 6.85 f. 6.96 g. 6.98 h. 6.97 i. j- k. 1. 6.81 m. 6.95 n. 6.67 0. 6.70 p. 6.80 q- A2/P5 17 a. 6.67 b. 6.75 c. 6.93 d.' 7.00 e. 6.98 f. g- h. 6.36 1. 6.83 j. 6.92 k. 6.75 A2/P6 18 a. 6.56 b. 7.09 g* 7.01 d. e. f. g- h. A2/P7 19 a. 6.93 b. 6.85 c. 7.00 d. 6.91 d 7.03 A3/P7 20 a. 6.85 b. 6.97 c. 6.98 Pixodarus Hoard; Berk 85 (1995) 95. Pixodarus Hoard; GM 16, (1980) 399; Glendining 17 (1988) 183; CNG 24 (1992), 297. Pixodarus Hoard; Ilaphil 14.iv.88, 47. Pixodarus Hoard; Tkalec-Rauch 2 (1986) 132; Hirsch 154 (1987) 214; Lanz 70 (1994) 126; 72 (1995) 263; 76 (1996) 243. Pixodarus Hoard; Lanz 24 (1983) 347. Pixodarus Hoard; Empire Coins FPL 45 (Holly Hill), 69. Pixodarus Hoard; SK 2 (1984) 238; NFA MB 14.xii.89, 595; Elsen 180 (1996) 28. Pixodarus Hoard; Tkalcc FPL 1 (undated) 12. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard; Coin Galleries 6.xi.96, 191. Superior 29.i.79, 68. New York, 1977.158.414. Pixodarus Hoard; Auctiones 17 (1988) 241. Pixodarus Hoard; Price Studies, pi. 33, 52. Pixodarus Hoard; Hess 252 (1982) 76. Pixodarus Hoard; Baudey-Pesce 11.x.81 (Mulhouse), 114. Pixodarus Hoard; SNG Keckman, 280; GM 26 (1983) 1498. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard; Empire Coins 10 6.v.89, 61. Pixodarus Hoard; Hirsch 189 (1996) 260; Tkalec 28.x.94, 107; Aufhauser 13 (1997) 194. Pixodarus Hoard; Peus 324 (1989) 164. Pixodarus Hoard; Baudey-Pesce 11.x.81 (Mulhouse), 114. Pixodarus Hoard; Coin Galleries 14.iv.82, 92. Pixodarus Hoard; Athena 1 (1987)130. Pixodarus Hoard; Leu 50 (1990) 176. Pixodarus Hoard; Historical Coin Review (CAN) FPL 14/6 (1989) 51. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard; MM AG FPL 442 (1982) 21. Pixodarus Hoard; NFA 14 (1984) 159; Waddell 2 (1987) 237. Pixodarus Hoard; MM AG 61 (1982) 147. Pixodarus Hoard; Peus 315 (1986) 101. Pixodarus Hoard; NAC 10 (1997) 246. New York, 1944.100.48435. Pixodarus Hoard; Athena FPL 11 (1981/2) 35; FPL 15 (undated) 53. Pixodarus Hoard; NFA 8 (1980) 290; 16 (1985) 218; Superior (NY), 12.xii.87, 452. 225 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS A3/P7 (cont.) 20 d." 6.90 Pixodarus Hoard; Leu 54 (1992) 144. e. 6.87 Pixodarus Hoard. A3/P6 21 a.' 7.07 Pixodarus Hoard; NFA 10(1981) 195; 14.xii.89, 596. b. 6.78 Pixodarus Hoard; Leu 15 (1976) 314; Sothcby NY 19.vi.91 (Bunker Hunt IV). 392. A3/P8 22 a. 7.01 Pixodarus Hoard; NFA 9 (1980) 267. b. 7.05 CH 9. 464. 60. c. 6.72 Krichcldorf FPL 97 (1971)265; Schultcn22.iv.85, 165. d. Pixodarus Hoard. e. Krichcldorf 26 (1973) 97. A3/P9 23 a. 6.94 Pixodarus Hoard. b. 6.96 Pixodarus Hoard; MMAG FPL 502 (1987) 2. c. 6.81 Harvard, Dewing coll., 2381. d. 6.92 Pixodarus Hoard; Spink NCirc 104/2 (1996) 598. e. Pixodarus Hoard. f. 6.93 Pixodarus Hoard; Rauch 29 (1982) 123. g. 6.95 Paris, dc Luynes 2916; Babelon, Perses achemenides, 417, pi. 10, 15; Purchased Rollin, 1861. h. 6.99 Pixodarus Hoard; MMAG FPL 432 (1981) 3. i. ' 6.95 Pixodarus Hoard; Ariadne, 07.xii.82, 116. j. 6.98 Pixodarus Hoard; NFA FPL 32 (1986) 18. k. Pixodarus Hoard; Malloy 16 (1980) 97. 1. Pixodarus Hoard. A3/P10 24 a. 7.01 Paris , Waddington 2700. b. 7.01 Pixodarus Hoard; Peus 316 (1986) 191; 321 (1988) 176; Thirion FPL summer 1990, 8. c." 6.96 Pixodarus Hoard; Sotheby NY 19.vi.91 (Bunker Hunt IV), 393. d. Pixodarus Hoard. e. 6.99 Pixodarus Hoard. A3/P11 25 a. 6.66 Hclbing, 24.X.27, 3081; Miinzhandlung Basel 8 (1937) 370. b. 6.87 Pixodarus Hoard; Sternberg 10 (1980) 128. c. 7.13 Munich (with loop attached). d 6.82 Pixodarus Hoard; Hirsch 170 (1991) 567. e. 6.97 Weber 6608; Naville 4 (1922) 896; 10 (1925) 708; J. Schulman 78 (1928) 1360; MMAG 79 (1994) 346; Hirsch 195 (1997) 369; 197 (1997) 313. f" 6.99 Pixodarus Hoard; CNG 33 (1995) 313. g. 5.88 Pixodarus Hoard; Elsen 45 (1996) 55. h. 6.92 Pixodarus Hoard; Peus 343 (1995) 150. i. 6.47 Pixodarus Hoard. (Plated). A3/P12 26 a. 6.95 Pixodarus Hoard; SK 7 (1987) 255. b. 6.69 Pixodarus Hoard; Ariadne-Galeric des Monnaies, 9.xii.81, 227. c. 6.92 Pixodarus Hoard; Leu 36 (1985) 169. d. 6.95 Pixodarus Hoard; Krichcldorf 41 (1988) 129. e. 6.59 Pixodarus Hoard; Lanz 38 (1986) 342; 56 (1991) 193. f. " 6.97 Pixodarus Hoard; Elsen 36 (1994) 155. g. Pixodarus Hoard. 226 Pixodarus Hoard A3/P12 (cont.) 26 h. 6.63 i. 6.95 j- k. r. 6.90 m. 6.84 n. o. P- q. 6.59 r. 6.80 s. 6.94 t. 6.96 u. 6.64 v. w. 6.42 x. 6.87 y. 6.56 A3/P13 a. 6.96 b. 6.97 c. 6.97 d. 6.96 e. 6.94 I'.' 6.71 8- h. 7.05 i. 6.93 j- 6.98 k. 1. 6.99 m. 7.03 n. 0. 6.97 rP14 a. 6.96 b. 7.16 c. 6.98 d. 7.03 e. 6.22 f. cr c- 6.81 h. 7.02 i. 6.99 j- 6.88 k. 7.04 1.' m. n. 0. 7.10 P- 6.96 q- 6.98 r. 6.87 s. 6.99 Pixodarus Hoard; Superior (NY)1 .xii.90, 2078; NFA 33 (1994) 238. Pixodarus Hoard; NAC 1 (1989) 212. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard; SK 1 (1983) 128. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard; Lanz 20 (1981) 247; 28 (1984) 278. Pixodarus Hoard; Spink (NY) 3.V.95, 249. Pixodarus Hoard; Vecchi 1 (1996) 308. Pixodarus Hoard; Superior, 1 l.vi.86 (Century City), 1171; NFA 32 (1993) 77. Pixodarus Hoard; Arethusa 4 (1996) 297. Istanbul, 7561. Pixodarus Hoard; Berk 14 (1981) 62; Lanz 32 (1985) 263; 48 (1989) 348. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard; Lanz 56 (1991) 193. (Plated). Pixodarus Hoard; Elsen, 44, 27.iv.96, 195; Sternberg FPL 5 (1993) 370. Pixodarus Hoard; Superior, 12.xii.87 (New York), 451. Pixodarus Hoard; Ariadne, 09.ii.83, 120; NFA 20 (1988) 736. Jameson coll., 1569; Ex G. Durufle coll. Pixodarus Hoard; NFA 16 (1985) 219; Superior (NY), 10.xii.88, 1964. Pixodarus Hoard; Hirsch 167 (1990) 463; Economopoulos-Warden FPL 2, 1991 (Holicong - New Hope, PA), 43. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard; Tkalcc, 23.x.92, 132. Pixodarus Hoard; NFA, 18.x.90, 790. Pixodarus Hoard; Leu 53 (1993) 105. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard; Leu 53 (1993) 106; Superior (NY) 12.xii.87, 451; Price Studies, p. 33, 53. Pixodarus Hoard; GM 69 (1994) 369; Spink NCirc 103/1 (1995) 23. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. CH 9. 464,41. Pixodarus Hoard; Sotheby (Zurich), 27.x.93 705; CNG (NY) 30 (1994) 171; 32 (1994) 184. Pixodarus Hoard; Lanz 24 (1983) 346. Pixodarus Hoard; Athena 2 (1988) 185. Pixodarus Hoard; Kiinker 34 (1996) 119. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard; Tkalcc, 26.iii.91, 157;Rauch 51 (1993) 102. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard; Dorothcum, 13.x.83, 209. Naville 10 (1925) 709; J. Hirsch 25 (1909) 2392. Pixodarus Hoard;Tkalec-Rauch, 15.iv.85, 78. 227 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS A3/P14 (com.) 28 t. 6.72 u. 7.04 v. 6.48 w. 6.76 x. 6.74 y. 6.75 z. 7.08 aa. A3/P3 29 a.' A3/P15 30 a. 7.03 b.' 6.94 A4/P15 31 a.' 7.00 A4/P14 32 a. 7.01 b. 6.99 c' d. A4/P16 33 a." 7.02 b. 7.03 c. 6.90 d. 6.87 A4/P17 34 a.' 6.93 b. 6.63 A4/P18 35 a." 6.75 b. 6.82 A4/P19 36 a. 6.99 b. 6.80 c' 6.97 A4/P20 37 a.' 6.97 A5/P21 38 a.' 6.91 A5/P22 39 a.' 7.03 A5/P23 40 a. 6.69 b. 6.68 c' 7.01 d. Dorothcum, 26.iii.57, 4045. Pixodarus Hoard; Lanz 22 (1982) 396. Pixodarus Hoard; Kricheldorf 38 (1984) 230; Empire Coins (Dallas) 6 (1986) 65. Pixodarus Hoard; GM 17 (1980) 73. MM AG FPL 278 (1967) 20; Superior 7.xii.72, 196. Pixodarus Hoard; Hirsch 185 (1995) 345. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard; NFA FPL 35 (1988) 73. CH 9. 464, 38. Pixodarus Hoard; Sternberg 11 (1981) 150. Berlin, 11300FF. Pixodarus Hoard; Sothcby (NY) 21.vi.90, 530. Pixodarus Hoard; NAC 6 (1993) 171. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard; Tradarl (NY) 1 (1982) 120. Pixodarus Hoard; Tradart (Geneva) 12.xii.91, 164. Brussels, de Hirsch coll., 1542. Pixodarus Hoard; Kricheldorf 41 (1988) 130. (Plated ?). Pixodarus Hoard; Lanz 36 (1986) 422. Pixodarus Hoard; Credit Suisse FPL 37 (1982) 52. MMAG FPL 303 (1969) 12; J. Schulman 256 (1973) 1199. Pixodarus Hoard; Peus 313 (1985) 117. CH9.464, 18. Pixodarus Hoard; GM 69 (1994) 368. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard; Credit Suisse FPL 33. winter 1980-81, 37. Pixodarus Hoard; MMAG FPL 457 (1983) 13; FPL 467 (1984) 8. Pixodarus Hoard; Dorotheum FPL 419 (1982) 44. Pixodarus Hoard; GM 46 (1989) 279; 50 (1990) 355. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. 228 Pixodarus Hoard A5/P24 41 a.' Pixodarus Hoard. A5/P25 42 a." 6.93 Pixodarus Hoard; Lanz 20 (1981) 246. A6/P25 43 a. 6.80 b. 6.83 d. 7.00 Pixodarus Hoard; Sternberg 10 (1980) 129. Pixodarus Hoard; Auctioncs 15 (1985) 158; SpwkNCirc, Nov. 1990, 6648; 103/6, July 1995,3985. New York. Pixodarus Hoard; NFA 29 (1992) 147; GM 62 (1993) 283; CNG 28 (1993) 177. A6/P26 44 a.' 6.94 Pixodarus Hoard; Bourgey 14.v. 14, 87; NFA 9 (1990) 268; Kurplalzisehc MH 21 (1981) 80. b. 6.45 Oxford. A6/P27 45 a." 5.5 Kress 147 (1969) 190a. A6/P28 46 a.* 6.99 C//9.464, 59. a6/P29 47 a." 5.84 Harvard, Dewing coll., 2383. Conclusion and Date of the Hoard As we have seen, Pixodarus' tetradrachms were struck early in his rule. The fresh state of those specimens contained in the Pixodarus hoard thus suggests a date of deposit early in that period. The evidence from the didrachms decisively confirms this dating. Of the 60 known obverse dies for this denomination only 6 had been used by the time of the hoard's deposit. There can be little doubt that the hoard was closed in the first or second year of Pixodarus' six-year rule, i.e 341/0. If the hoard had been buried in the mid-330s, as suggested by Hurter, didrachms from many of the 54 other obverse dies would surely have been included. KK Cos (Meadows) At least 74 tetradrachms and 48 didrachms of the mint of Cos can with certainty be attributed to the Pixodarus hoard. The hoard undoubtedly contained many more Coan coins than these figures suggest, however. A further 43 tetradrachms and 51 didrachms at least have appeared on the market since 1979 and may be attributed to the Pixodarus hoard with some confidence. Our knowledge of the relevant issues of this mint has thus been transformed by the appearance of the hoard. In the catalogue that follows the opportunity has been taken to combine the lists of coins known to have belonged to the hoard with those specimens on file at the British Museum. The resulting die-study makes no claims to completeness in terms of specimens gathered. The figures that emerge, however, suggest that the law of diminishing returns will now apply to the hunt for more material. For the tetradrachms of type Herakles/crab 66 specimens yield 7 obverse dies (9:1); for the tetradrachms of type Herakles/veiled head 65 specimens yield 8 obverse dies (8:1); for the didrachms of the same type 133 specimens yield 5 dies 229 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS (26:1). It is safe to say that we now have a fairly clear appreciation of the extent of these series. Catalogue 91 Obv. Head of bearded Hcrakles 1. in lion-skin Rev. Crab; above KS210N; beneath, club and magistrate's name; all within dotted square. PHASE 2 APILTON 1 ol/rl a/ 14.9 Spink NY 3.V.95, 253. CNR 20/2. Summer 1995, 125. Pixodarus Hoard. b. 14.84 GM 62 (1993) 285. Vinchon 22.V.95, 147; 27.X.2000, 208. c. 14.64 Weber 6622 PHASE 3 KAAA1AI 2 o2/r2 a." 14.78 0° Pixodarus Hoard. b. 14.42 Hirsch 169 (1991) 438 3 o3/r2 a.* 15.06 150° Lanz 36 (1986) 409. Athena 2 (1988) 172 Pixodarus Hoard. 4 o3/r3 a.* 14.85 Hirsch 31 (1912) 471 ex Hirsch 26, 545 5 o4/r3 a.* 14.75 180° Spink NY 3.V.95, 251. Pixodarus Hoard. AAKQN 6 o2/r4 a." 15.15 150° Pixodarus Hoard. b.' 15.12 150° Spink NY 3.V.95, 255. Pixodarus Hoard. c." 15.06 150° Pixodarus Hoard. d.' 14.83 180° Pixodarus Hoard. AYK1NOL 7 o2/r5 a. 12.30 270° SNG von Post 285. Sotheby 9/10.X.95, 153. IGCH 1215 b.' 15.09 150° Christies NY 12.6.93, 54. NAC 7 (1994) 248. Sternberg 33 (19S MMAG 3 (1998) 108. Pixodarus Hoard. 8 o3/r6 a." 14.99 Sternberg 9 (1979) 41. Tradart 16.xi.95, 90 Pixodarus Hoard. b. 14.85 150° Lanz 30(1984) 284 c. 14.57 Weber 6623 0EOAOTOX 9 o2/r7 a." 15.13 330° Pixodarus Hoard. b. 15.24 180° Hess/Leu 12.V.70, 291. Vinchon 13/15.xi.86 (Trampitsch), 219. 10 o5/r7 a.* 15.17 Pixodarus Hoard. b. 15.06 GM 48 (1990)443 11 o5/r8 a.* Hesperia Art 17/8.V.52 (Empire State Num. Assoc. sale), 99 12 o5/r9 a.* 15.15 Pixodarus Hoard. b.* 14.98 330° Pixodarus Hoard. c* 15.18 0° Sotheby 21/2.vi.90 (Bunker Hunt II), 534. Pixodarus Hoard. d. 14.91 Hirsch 169(1991)439 e. 15.21 0° Leu 42(1987) 305 f. 15.15 Boston 2019 g- 15.24 SNG vA 21 Al 13 o5/rl0 a.* 15.07 0° Kricheldorf 46 (1998) 37 Pixodarus Hoard. 14 o6/rl0 a.* 15.14 0° Lanz 22 (1982) 397. Sternberg 35 (2000) 286. 91 All die combinations have been illustrated and, where possible, all coins that can positively be attributed to the hoard. 230 Pixodarus Hoard HPAKAE1T0I 15 16 17 18 03/rl l a/ 15.09 150° Pixodarus Hoard. o5/rll o5/rl2 o6/r13 NELTOPIAAI 20 o5/rl5 21 o5/rl6 22 23 24 o7/rl6 o7/rl7 b. " 14.90 150° Solhcby 19/20.vi.91 (Bunker Hunt IV), 395. Pixodarus Hoard. c. - 14.89 330° Pixodarus Hoard. a." 15.19 Sternberg 18 (1986) 171 Pixodarus Hoard, a. 15.28 Pixodarus Hoard. b: 15.08 0° Pixodarus Hoard. a. ' 14.85 NFA 9 (1980) 269. NCirc 98 (1990) 1556. Pixodarus Hoard. b. * 14.85 330° Pixodarus Hoard. o6/r!4 a.' 15.20 14.92 14.31 15.17 15.00 15.00 14.88 14.00 15.00 15.03 14.00 15.17 15.06 b. 15.29 a. b." a.' b. c* d." e. f. h. a.' a.' Tkalec/Rauch 25/6.iv.89, 137. Pixodarus Hoard. 150° Pixodarus Hoard. Schulten 22/3.iv.85, 162. GM 33 (1986) 191 Ponterio 76 (1995) 288. Pixodarus Hoard. 180° Pixodarus Hoard. 180° Pixodarus Hoard. 180° Pixodarus Hoard. Berk June 1984, 100. Superior 2/3.vi.98, 6436 Weber 6624. Gulbenkian 764 Hesperia Art 45/6 (n.d.) 258. NFA 11 (1982) 185 ex N. Davis col Berk Feb. 1984, 94. Superior 2/3.vi.98, 6436 SKA 2 (1984) 239 Hirsch 168 (1990) 290a SNGvA 2748. NAC4 (1991) 149 o8/rl7 a.* 15.07 180° Pixodarus Hoard. OIAIISKOZ 25 o5/rl8 AAKIMAXOS 26 27 28 29 30 31 o5/rl9 o5/r20 o8/r20 o8/r21 o8/r22 o8/r23 a.- 15.03 Sternberg 10 (1980) 134. Price Studies, pi. 32, 24. Pixodarus Hoard. a/ Krichcldorf 28 (1974) 116 a. * 15.12 180° MMAG 81 (1995) 89, 86 (1998) 36. Pixodarus Hoard. b. 15.24 Auctiones 17 (1988)245. c. 15.25 Ars Classica 14 (1929) 383. Sternberg 24 (1990) 108. Sternberg FPL 5 (1993) 372. FPL 7 (1995) 35. FPL 7 (1997) 30. a, " 15.08 180° Lanz 24 (1983) 349. Auctiones 18 (1988) 776. Pcus 323 (1988) 838. b. 14.80 180° London. BMC 12 a. ' 15.35 Pixodarus Hoard. b. * 15.18 180° Sotheby 19/20.vi.91 (Bunker Hunt IV), 394. Pixodarus Hoard, c* 15.04 180° Pixodarus Hoard. d. 14.81 SBV 23 (1989) 120 e. 13.76 180° Oxford (1956) a. " 15.02 150° Pixodarus Hoard. b. " 14.94 150° Pixodarus Hoard. a. 14.87 150° Leu FPL 19 (1984) 28. Pixodarus Hoard. PHASE 4 Obv. Head of bearded Herakles 1. (Al-3) or r. (A4-9) in lion-skin Rev. Veiled female head 1. or r.; below, KQION; to r. magistrate's name or monogram Tetradraehms AFH 1 Al/Pl 2 A3/P1 a/ 15.18 30° SNG Keckman 286 (acq. 1984) a.* 15.23 0° SBV 33 (1993), 319; 41 (1996) 71. SBV 49 (2000) 204 231 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS HP 3 A2/P2 A3/P2 A3/P3 a.' 15.03 0C a.' 14.78 b. c* 14.88 0° a. 14.96 330c b: 15.00 c: 14.87 d/ 14.78 NFA 10 (1981) 196. Monnaies ct Mcdailles 61 (1982) 148. Auctiones 16 (1986) 186. Sothcby 19/20.vi.91 (Bunker Hunt IV), 396. Pixodarus Hoard. NFA 9 (1980) 271. Miiller 56 (1987) 121. Schulten April 1987, 176, April 1988, 151. Pixodarus Hoard. BM photo file Leu 74 (1998) 239. Pixodarus Hoard. Lanz 36 (1986) 407. Athena 2 (1988) 173. GM 69(1994) 372. KM 62 (1995) 77. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. 6 A4/P4 AOAMAI a/ 14.80 Spink NY 3.V.95. 256. Price Studies, pi. 32, 26. Pixodarus Hoard. 7 A'S/P'S /A.J/ I J n * ex. 1 S 22 1 y.--- NFA 10 (198H 197- 22 (1989) 3?2" 32 (1993) 80" 33 (1994) "M0 Pixodarus Hoard. b: 14.83 Pixodarus Hoard. 8 A6/P5 a.' 15.16 Pixodarus Hoard. b; 14.91 NFA 9 (1980) 272. Christies 12.vi.93, 55. Pixodarus Hoard. c. 15.08 CNG 14(1991) 169 9 A6/P6 a." 15.14 Pixodarus Hoard. h. 15.06 0; Hess-Leu 28(1965) 246 10 A6/P7 a.' 15.06 30° Lanz 54 (1990) 225. CNG 15 (1991) 195 1 1 A7/P6 a." 15.24 0° Leu 25 (1980) 155. Pixodarus Hoard. 12 A7/P7 a.' 15.31 Pixodarus Hoard. b.* 15.17 Pixodarus Hoard. c. 15.03 Pcus 328 (1990) 135, 330 (1991) 135 d. 15.14 Athena 1 (1987) 122. CNG 26 (1993) 339 e. 15.22 0° Lanz 66 (1993) 275 13 A7/P8 a.' 14.99 Hirsch 170(1991)547; 175 (1992) 377 14 A8/P8 a.' 14.60 0° Hirsch 169(1991)435. Lanz 68 (1994) 200 OIAOAAMOI 15 A5/P9 a.* 14.97 Spink NY 3.V.95, 257. Pixodarus Hoard. h. 13.60 Glendining 28.vii.99, 24. 16 A6/P10 a." 15.24 Superior 12/4.vii.87 (Pipilo) 461. Leu 53 (1991) 108. Pixodarus Hoard. b: 15.19 0° Sotheby 21/2.vi.90 (Bunker Hunt II), 535. Pixodarus Hoard. 17 A6/P11 a.' 15.18 Pixodarus Hoard. b.' 15.08 Sternberg 10 (1980) 132. Leu 57 (1993) 113. Pixodarus Hoard. c." 14.79 Pixodarus Hoard. d. 13.74 60° Weber 6627. BM 18 A6/P12 a.* 15.21 Pixodarus Hoard. b.' 14.79 Pixodarus Hoard. c. 14.68 NFA 14 (1984) 160. Superior 9/10.xii.89, 2695; 30.V.90, 6866. d. 15.00 KM 30 (1981) 64. Ariadne 9.xii.83, 122. Kovacs MB 9 (1988) 1C 232 Pixodarus Hoard 15 A7/P10 a. b. 14.62 c. - 15.34 Oc Pixodarus Hoard (reverse die not certain). GM 23 (1982) 87 Weber 6628. BM. 20 A7/P12 a.' 15.17 Kiinker 67 (2001) 406. Pixodarus Hoard, b.' 15.16 Pixodarus Hoard. c: 14.73 NFA 11 (1982) 186. Superior 9/10.xii.89, 2694; 30.V.90, 6867. Pixodarus Hoard. d. 13.64 Superior 2/3.vi.98, 6437 e. 15.06 Peus 332 (1991) 209 21 A7/P13 a.- BITQN 22 A6/P14 a/ 15.20 b.' 15.15 c' 14.72 d. 14.51 0C e. 14.38 Lepczyk 60(1984) 172 Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Lanz 28 (1984) 281. SNG Keckman 288 Berk Feb. 1984, 95. Superior 2/3.vi.98, 6438 23 A7/P15 24 25 26 27 A7/P16 A7/P17 a. " 15.15 b. " 15.17 c. ' 14.86 d. 15.35 0C c. 14.64 f. 15.09 a/ 14.95 a. * 15.13 b. " 14.73 c. 14.37 0C A77/P18 a." 14.61 A8/PI8 a.* b. 0C Pixodarus Hoard. NAC 5 (1992) 155. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Lanz 24 (1983) 348 Stack 2/3.xii.97, 600; 14.vii.99, 92; l/2.xii.99, 113. GM 102 (2000) 270 GM 36 (1987) 241 Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Pixodarus Hoard. Hirsch 169 (1991) 436. Lanz 66 (1993) 276 GM 19(1981)75 Pixodarus Hoard. Lanz 36 (1986) 406 Obv. Head of bearded Heraklcs r. in lion-skin Rev. Veiled female head I. or r.; below, KQION; to r. magistrate's name. Didrachms atm Al/Pl a. " 6.76 b. " 6.87 c. 7.00 CNG 53 (2000) 517. Pixodarus Hoard Pixodarus Hoard Pixodarus Hoard A1/P2 a. ' 6.85 b. 6.23 Superior 31.v.89 (Casterline), 6081. Pixodarus Hoard Vedrincs 8.vii.83, 40 A2/P1 a.- 6.70 Pixodarus Hoard b. 6.68 330° Lanz 30 (1984) 282. Rauch 37 (1986) 158. GM 40 (1988) 258. PV 15/6.xii.93, 53 A2/P2 a. ' 7.20 b. 6.79 c. 6.94 d. 6.63 Pixodarus Hoard Auctiones 11 (1980) 165. Kricheldorf 35 (1981) 211 Superior 7/10.vi.87, 4138. Leu 53 (1991) 109. Peus 333 (1992) 297 Boston 2020 ex Warren 1188 233 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS A2/P2 (cont.) c. h. A2/P3 6.29 6.72 6.38 6.93 6.93 A1/P3 a/ 7.01 a. b. c." d, e. f. g-" h: i.' j- 6.97 6.86 6.82 6.90 6.78 6.74 7.00 0° BMC 18 330° Paris 1183. Mionnet III 403.20 0° Kastner4(1973) 140. R. Myers 9 (1974) 146 GM 36 (1987) 239. NAC 4 (1991) 150 Bourgey 1 l/12.iii.81. 72 GM 17 (1980) 77 NFA 9 (1980) 270. Pixodarus Hoard NFA 10(1981) 198. Rauch 31 (1983) 312. Pixodarus Hoard Pixodarus Hoard 300° Lanz 32 (1985) 251, 50(1989)434. Schulten ll.iv.88, 152. Muller65 (1990) 128. Kiinker 20 (1991) 170 GM 23 (1982) 88, 26 (1983) 150. SNG Keckman 287 Peus 332 (1991) 210. Elsen 60 (1999) 245 Pixodarus Hoard Pixodarus Hoard Pixodarus Hoard Sternberg 13 (1983) 196 A1/P4 a.' 6.59 CNG 12(1990) 386 A2/P4 a. ' 6.95 b. ' 6.94 c. 6.66 d. 6.90 e. 6.65 f. 6.42 Pixodarus Hoard Pixodarus Hoard Hirsch 197 (1997) 297, 199 (1998) 187, 202 (1998) 190, 205 (1999) 339 CNG 37 (1996) 547 Hirsch 71 (1971) 217, 82(1973) 153 Cambridge, SNG 4760 (Leake) IP A2/P5 a.' 7.30 Pixodarus Hoard MA 10 A1/P6 a." 6.71 1 I 14 15 A2/P6 12 A1/P7 13 A2/P7 c. 6.80 A3/P7? a.' 6.06 A2/P8 a.' 6.69 b/ 6.40 c. 6.31 (): a. " 6.76 b. 6.34 c. 6.45 d. 6.59 e. 6.62 a. " 6.84 b. " 6.75 c. - 6.60 d. 6.10 e. 6.72 a.' 6.77 b/ 6.82 0C GM 69 (1994) 374. KM 62 (1995) 79 Pixodarus Hoard Weber 6629 Hirsch 13 (1905) 3966 (Rhousopoulos) SNG Cop. 619 Rauch 29(1982) 124 Leu 25 (1980) 156. Price Studies, pi. 32, 28. Pixodarus Hoard Pixodarus Hoard Pixodarus Hoard CNG 38 (1996) 338 GM 102(2000) 274 Pixodarus Hoard Sotheby 21/2.vi.90 (Bunker Hunt II), 536. Peus 353 (1997) 175. GM 81 (1997) 347 Pixodarus Hoard Auctiones 12(1981) 107 Ratto 4.W.27, 2065. Ponterio 80 (1996) 224. Pixodarus Hoard Pixodarus Hoard Hirsch 166(1990) 389 234 Pixodarus Hoard OI/ IO 16 A1/P9 a/ 6.73 Pixodarus Hoard 17 A2/P9 18 A1/P10 19 A2/P10 20 Al/Pll 21 A2/P11 OIAO 22 A3/P12 BITON 23 A3/P13 a. " 6.64 b. 6.43 a." 6.67 (f a. ' 6.87 b. " 6.60 c. 0C d. 6.79 a/ 6.46 0C a. ' 6.82 b. * 6.74 C. 6.19 0C d. 6.67 0C a.* 6.85 b/ 6.65 c. 6.93 d. 6.70 c. 6.99 f. 6.94 g. 6.95 h. 6.73 i. 6.03 j 6.23 k 7.00 1. 6.71 a/ 6.97 b. ' 6.94 c. 6.74 d. e. 6.96 330c 330° 0! GM 69 (1994) 373, 76 (1996) 216 Auctioncs6(1976) 221 Leu 18(1977) 203 NFA 8 (1980) 294, 20 (1988) 737. Pixodarus Hoard Pixodarus Hoard Lanz 36 (1986) 408 Peus 369 (2001) 207 Paris 1184. Mionnet 111. 403. 21 Pixodarus Hoard Tkalec/Rauch 14/5.W.86, 133. Spink USA 7.xii.95, 2119. Peus 348 (1996) 172. Pixodarus Hoard BMC 19 SNG Cop. 620 Pixodarus Hoard Price Studies pi. 32, 29. Pixodarus Hoard CNG 43 (1997) 606 Lanz 26 (1983) 263 SKA 7 (1987) 256. Athena 2 (1988) 175 Bourgey 26/7.vii.81 Boston 2021 BMC 20 BMC 21. Naville 5 (1923) 2644. Hclbing 24.x.27, 3083. Hess 15 (1934) 462. Jameson 1545 SBV 25 (1990)216 KM 30 (1981) 65 Superior 21.ix.90, 38; 6/7.xii.91, 473. Pixodarus Hoard Pixodarus Hoard Ariadne 9.xii.83, 124. CNG 4 (1988) 108 J. Hirsch 11 (1904)385 J. Hirsch 25 (1909, Philipsen) 2403. Hess/Leu 36 (1968) 289. Egger 1337 24 A4/P13 a.' 6.26 0C 25 A4/P14 a." 6.84 26 A3/P15 a/ 6.93 b. 6.22 27 A3/P16 a." 7.00 b. 6.76 28 A3/P17 a/ 6.71 29 A3/P18 a." 6.97 0C b. * 6.93 c. 6.99 d. 6.89 BM. SNG vA 2752 PV 29.xii.90, 18 Pixodarus Hoard Jameson 1545. TNA 1 (1982) 121 Pixodarus Hoard Glendining27.v.87, 17 Athena 3 (1990) 194 Sotheby 19/20.vi.91 (Bunker Hunt IV), 397. Pixodarus Hoard Sternberg 10 (1980) 133. Pixodarus Hoard Aufhauser2(1985) 103 J. Ward coll. 703 (check) 235 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, K.ONUK AND MEADOWS e. 6.77 NCirc 97 (1989) 3033 30 A4/P18 a.* 7.04 Pixodarus Hoard b." 6.87 Pixodarus Hoard c. Hesperia Art Bull. 40 (1967) 99 31 A3/P19 a." 6.98 Athena 1 (1987) 123. KM 62 (1995) 78. 32 A4/P19 a." 7.01 Hirsch 173 (1992) 412. Pixodarus Hoard b.' 7.00 Leu Autumn 1998, 76. GM 96 (1999) 205. Pixodarus Hoard c. 6.89 Sotheby (Zurich) 27.v.74, 314. MMAG 4 (1999) 149 d. 7.00 Hirsch 166 (1990) 388, 169(1991)437, 176(1992) 303. e. 6.88 0° Hess/Leu 28 (1965) 247 f. 6.62 0° BMC 22 a &■ 7.00 NCirc 101 (1993) 2422 33 A5/P19 a." 6.70 0° BM. SNG vA 2751 b. 6.03 Kiinker 32 (1996) 2075 34 A4/P20 a.' 6.93 330° Lanz 30(1984)281,44(1988)221,56(1991) 187, 78 (1996) 293. Pixodarus Hoard b. 6.70 0° Lanz 32 (1985) 252. SNG Keckman 289 c. 6.83 Aufhauser4 (1987) 123 d. 7.00 GM 69(1994) 376 e. 6.22 0° Oxford (Milne, 1926) i 6.49 0° Oxford (Oman, 1947) 35 A4/P21 a." 7.04 Pivorlarim HnarrI 36 A5/P21 a.' 6.72 Peus 324 (1989) 182 37 A5/P22 a." 6.94 Pixodarus Hoard b.' 6.93 Pixodarus Hoard c." 6.92 Pixodarus Hoard d. 5.99 0: SNG Cop. 621 e. 6.89 Superior 5/6.xii.97, 1477. f. 6.70 Miiller73 (1993) 61 38 A5/P23 a.' 6.93 Pixodarus Hoard b. 6.95 Aufhauser 5 (1988) 122 c. 6.67 GM 69 (1994) 375,78 (1996) 221 J. 6.75 0° ACNAC 6 (Dewing) 2387 39 A5/P24 a." 6.88 Pixodarus Hoard b/ 6.72 Spink NY 3.V.95, 258. Price Studies, pi. 32, 30. Pixodarus Hoard c. 6.80 Athena 2 (1988) 174 d. 6.85 NAC 2 (1990) 201. NAC D (1994) 1495 e. 6.72 30° BMC 23 f. 6.38 0° BMC 24 g 7.00 J. Hirsch 21 (1908, E. Weber) 3213. Naville 1 (1920, Pozzi) 2651. Absolute Chronology Sufficient hoard evidence now exists to reconstruct the basic pattern and chronology of issues of the fourth century mint of Cos. Production may be divided into four phases, all using the Chian weight standard. The first of these, consisting of Heracles/Crab tetradrachms and drachms was complete by the time of deposit of the Hecatomnus hoard, in which all of the magistrates striking tetradrachms of this phase were represented. As Ashton has noted (above p. 132) this phase of production belongs most 236 Pixodarus Hoard probably to the 390s and perhaps the early 380s.92 The second phase, during which tetradrachms, didrachms and drachms were all produced, seems to have followed the first after an interval.93 Certainly no die link can be discerned between the tetradrachms of phase one and those of phase two in the coins on file at the BM. Moreover, style and fabric are noticeably different and the change in range of denominations, from tetradrachms and the rare anonymous drachms of phase one to the signed drachms, didrachms and tetradrachms of phase two, is probably also indicative of a break in production. Hoard evidence for the second phase is provided principally by the 'Leros' 1974 hoard.94 This hoard apparently contained Chian weight drachms of Colophon and Chios, along with one didrachm (Philon) and nine drachms (Amphidamas [2], Iatrokles [lj, Mnasimachos [2], Sosistratos [3], Lykon [1]) of the second phase of Cos. The drachms of Chios are from a series dated by Hardwick to before c. 350 BC, those of Colophon of a series dated c. 375-350 BC by Kinns.95 The 'Leros' hoard thus most probably dates to the late 350s or early 340s, and the Coan phase two coinage, like the Chian and Colophonian in question, most probably belongs to the decade or two before that.96 A phase two Coan tetradrachm of Dion was present in the Pithyos, c. 1885 hoard {IGCH 1217), buried c. 335 BC. The coin exhibits comparable wear to that of the coin of Mausolus also contained in the hoard, and thus supports a date c. 350 or before for this phase.97 Finally, at least one tetradrachm of phase two in the name of Aristion was contained in the Pixodarus hoard. It has seen little more wear than the issues of phase 3 92 It consists of tetradrachms struck by the following magistrates: Phileonidas, Lykinos, Xenodikos, Lysichos, Persias, Athanion, Xanthippos and Theokles. They were apparently accompanied by anonymous drachms. 93 The following conspectus of issues and denominations can be derived from H. Ingvaldsen's study of the Coan mint (Utmyntingen pa Kos 366-190f. Kr. [Oslo, 1994]) together with the photofile at the British Museum: Dion, Lykon, Philiskos, Amphitimos, Praxianax, Sostratos, Phylotimos, Aristion (tetradrachms); Archidamos, Aristion, Tclephos, Philistes, Philon, Xenombrotos, Menon, Polyarchos, Emprepon, Stephanos, Dcmelrios, Pythion (didrachms); Sosistratos, Amphidamas, Archidamos, Menon, Idomeneus, Hippolochos, Moschion, Iatrokles, Lykon, Mnasimachos (drachms). The coincidence of names across denominations (Aristion [tetradr. and didr.], Lykon [tetradr. and dr.], Archidamos and Menon [didr. and dr.]) suggests that these denominations were probably struck simultaneously. However, the general paucity of surviving specimens ensures that the precise structure of the mint's activities at this period remain opaque. 94 CH 1. 54. On the integrity of this hoard, see the comments of Ashton, 'A Series of Rhodian Didrachms from the mid-Third Century BC, NC 149 (1989), pp. 1-13, at pp. 9-10. While the Rhodian didrachm listed in the CH entry is clearly intrusive, the remainder of the hoard seems cohesive enough to warrant faith. ^ Hardwick, Chios, pp. 176-182 (the magistrate Sostra-, whose issue appears in the 'Leros' hoard, is die- linked to the silver issues of Hippias, whose bronze issues appear in the Pindakas 1954 hoard (IGCH 1211), for which a dale of c. 350 seems probable on the basis of Hecatomnid content. For Colophon, see Kinns, Studies, pp. 286-9 (Colophon IIB). 96 As Kinns (Studies, p. 287) notes of the Coan issues in the Leros hoard, the prominent square incuse of the coins illustrated in CH 1, together with the obverse style of the drachm of Lykon, suggest a date for these issues close to that of the earliest of these types (i.e. phase 1). Certainly they should precede the issues of phases 3 and 4 with round reverse dies. 97 For the date of the Pithyos hoard see above (p. 215). The coins of Cos and Mausolus are illustrated by A. Lobbecke in his publication of the hoard, ZfN 14 (1886), pi. VI nos. 9 and 11. 237 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS in the hoard, but is not die-linked to them. It therefore seems likely that there was only a very short gap in production between phases two and three. The third and fourth phases are those for which the Pixodarus hoard now provides such full testimony, and they must be considered together. Again we note a lack of die- links between phases: none have been observed between phase two and phase three; and again there is a difference in the range of denominations, with phase three restricted to tetradrachms alone. Phase four is also distinguished from its predecessor by the lack of die-links and change in denominations, phase four consisting of tetradrachms and didrachms. Most obvious, however, is the change in type from Heracles/crab of the three preceeding phases to the Heracles/veiled female head type of phase four. The beginning of phase three is most probably to be placed around the time of, or soon after the deposition of the Leros hoard in c. 350 BC, in which it was not represented. Phase four was certainly complete by the time of deposition of the Pixodarus hoard in 341/0. All known magistrates were certainly included. All obverse dies but one are also represented, and even the one missing (phase 4 tetradrachm die Al) is known only from a single specimen which appeared on the market in 1984, and is thus likely to derive from the hoard. Therefore phases three and four must be placed in the decade c. 350-c. 340. It is impossible, given the current state of the evidence, to determine the precise date at which the break between phases three and four took place. Phase three consumed seven tetradrachm obverse dies; phase four, eight tetradrachm obverse dies and five didrachm obverse dies, two of which were also used to strike tetradrachms. The second phase was thus slightly larger, though need not have taken appreciably longer to strike. Approximate dates of c. 350-345 for phase 3 and 345-340 for phase 4 are unlikely to be far wrong. A strike rate in the order of 1.5 - 2 tetradrachm die equivalents per annum may also be suggested. Order of issues Phase 2 The hoard appears to have contained examples of just one issue of tetradrachms from phase two, that of Aristion. That these issues belong with this earlier phase and not phase three is clear from (a) the lack of a die-link with phase 3 issues, and (b) the existence of didrachms also known in the name of Aristion, though not present in the hoard (for examples, see BMC 15-16). Phase 3 The rough order of the latter part of this phase is established by the deterioration of obverse die 5. It is freshest in the issues of Theodotos and Herakleitos. By the issues of Nestoridas and Philisskos a flaw extends out from the point of the beard and the lowest, innermost lock of the lion's mane has filled in. By Alkimachos the detail of the innermost locks of the mane have completely disappeared. The gradual disappearance of the clear square incuse that characterises the coins of Lakon, Lykinos and Kallias also guarantees the position at the end of the series of the issues linked by o5. The order for the earlier part of the series is determined by the deterioration of o2. Flaws developing from the bottom of the beard down the neck, from the bottom of the neck into the lower field and across the top of the ear establish the sequence Kallias, Lakon, Lykinos and Theodotos. The following pattern of obverse die-links emerges: 238 Pixodarus Hoard Kallias Lakon Lykinos Theodotos Herakleitos Nestoridas Philisskos Alkimachos Phase 4 In addition to the standard pattern of die-links that run through the two denominations of this phase, two die-links across denominations must also be noted. Tetradrachm die A4 = didrachm die A3; tetradrachm die A5 = didrachm die A4. The pattern of die links within the didrachm series demonstrates that this phase falls into two halves, with Age-, Her-, Ma- and Phi- die-linked together in one half, and Philo- and Biton in the other. The die-flaws that develop on didrachm A3 = tetradrachm A4 hold the key to the order of these two halves: a flaw that appears on the beard guarantees that Biton is the last to use this die. The die-flaw that begins to appear under the neck on Philo's coins , and is fully developed on Biton's confirms this; and since this die-flaw is absent on known specimens of the tetradrachm coinage of Her-, he must have been the first to use the die. Thus the die-linked group of which he is a part precedes that of Biton and Philo-. Die links within the tetradrachms and across from tetradrachm to didrachms indicate that Athamas should also be associated with this later group. The following pattern of obverse die-links emerges: Didrachms Tetradrachms 239 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS Phase 3 tetradrachms Magistrate No. of No. of No. of rev. Specimens obv. dies dies Kallias 5 3 2 Lakon 4 (1) 1 Lykinos 5 (2) 2 Thcodotos 14 (l)+2 4 Heraklcitos 9 (3) 4 Nestoridas 14 (D+2 3 Pbilisskos 1 (1) 1 A lki machos 14 (2) 5 Totals 66 7 22 Phase 4 tetradrachms and didrachms Magistrate No. of Si 4dr mcimens 2dr No. ofo 4dr bv. dies 2dr No. ofr 4dr ev. dies 2dr A>ie 2 34 2 2 1 4 Her 9 1 (D+2 (1) 3 1 Ma 18 (2)+l 3 Athamas 16 4 4 Phi/lph 13 (2) 3 Philo(damos) 20 12 (3) (1) 5 1 Biton 18 54 (3) (D+2 5 12 65 133 8 (2) +3 18 24 Conclusion The chronology now established by the Hecatomnus and Pixodarus hoards for the fourth century issues of Cos suggests that the Heracles/crab series began in the 390s and continued, probably with gaps in production, until around the mid 340s. At this point the change in type to Heracles/veiled female head occurred. At the same time, the didrachm was introduced as a regular part of the mint's output. This latter development seems to have occurred in parallel with the introduction of the didrachm at the two nearby mints of Rhodes and the Hecatomnids. The development of types also calls for comment. Historians have in the past been anxious to see evidence for Hecatomnid influence in Coan coin design, viewing the head of Heracles as a portrait of Mausolus, and seeing in the veiled female figure a depiction of his wife Artemisia.98 However, portraiture on the coinage of the Greek city-states is highly uncommon, and such identifications have always looked unsound on principle. The new evidence for the dating of the Coan series now makes these identifications highly improbable from a chronological perspective too. The type of Heracles was chosen before Mausolus' accession and continued after his death. The veiled female figure was in all probability adopted not in the reign of Artemisia, but rather in that of Ada (c. 351/0-344/3, jointly with Idrieus; 344/3-341/0, alone). If the need persists to identify this type as a portrait, then it is surely of this last queen of the Hecatomnid dynasty. But Demeter, or perhaps the island's eponymous female deity remain as likely candidates. ARM See e.g. S. Hornblowcr, Mausolus (Oxford, 1982) p. 134 with nn. 232-3 and 272 with n. 403. 240 Pixodarus Hoard Rhodes (Ashton) Hurler, 'Pixodaros', p. 151, reported that the hoard contained 'just a few didrachms' of Rhodes and was perplexed by the absence of Rhodian tetradrachms. I understand that the hoard contained about 30 didrachms, of which the following 12 can firmly be identified. Many more coins from this abundant series have appeared on the market since the hoard's discovery, but it is now difficult to tell which, if any, belonged to the hoard." Obv. Head of Helios three quarter facing r. Rev. Rose; above POAION; to r., bud; in field, symbol and letter; all in square incuse. Club + 0 V 7.42 12 In trade Club + E 2' 6.81 12 In trade Grapes (unattached to rose-stalk) + E 3 6.75 12 In trade 4 6.86 12 Rauch 34 (1985), 140 5 6.86 12 KUnker46 (1999), 115 6 6.93 12 Auctiones 24 (1994), 298; MMAG 66 (1984), 270 7" 6.90 12 In trade S' 6.90 12 In trade. Same obv. die as 9-10 9" 6.93 12 Elsen 26 (1992), 301. Same obv. die as 8 and 10 io- 6.93 12 CNG 50 (1999), 870; Price Studies, pi. 32, 31. Same obv ii- 6.92 12 Jacquier 18(1996), 219 12 6.77 12 In trade All twelve coins seem to have suffered during cleaning, but they were clearly in fresh condition when they were withdrawn from circulation. The club + O and club + E didrachms were the first of that denomination to be struck on Rhodes, and the presence in the hoard of at least one each of these very rare issues (9 examples of each issue are known, as against well over 300 for the immediately following unattached grapes + E square incuse issue) suggests that the hoard was concealed not long after the didrachms began.100 Given the burial date of 341/340 established on pp. 00-00 above, we may conclude that the Rhodian didrachms began in the late 340s, a few years earlier than I assumed in the past.101 The new denomination was thus introduced by Rhodes and by the Hecatomnids at about the same time, and there is some evidence of coordination 99 It is however reasonable to speculate that the following coins belonged to the hoard, for their surfaces seem to have suffered a cleaning process very similar to that of the 12 identified coins (see below): Club + <£>: Kiinker 32 (1996), 2077 (nos 2074-5, coins of Mausolus and Cos, also look as if they come from the hoard). Club + E: Kiinker 35 (1997), 200; SNG Keckman 427 = Lanz 32 (1985), 253. Grapes + E: Berk 13.ii.1984, 96-97. 100 por me start 0f jhj, didrachm series on Rhodes, see Ashton, 'Coinage of Rhodes', pp. 82-84. The 284 didrachms recorded on p. 102 of the same article for the unattached grapes + E square incuse issue are to be supplemented by many new specimens which have recently appeared on the market. These figures do not include the later didrachms with grapes + E and round or no incuse (ibid. pp. 85-86). 101 RN 1988, pp. 84-85. The earlier dating necessitated by the Pixodarus hoard is foreshadowed by F. Dclricux, NC 1999, p. 38, n. 19, citing correspondence with myself. 241 ASHTON, HARDWICK, KlNNS, KONUK AND MEADOWS between the two mints.102 The recorded weights of the Rhodian didrachms with club + O (7.42, 7.42, 7.40, 7.39, 7.29, 7.29, 7.27, 7.20, 7.01 g) show that they were meant to be coins of full, or nearly full, Chian weight, to complement the Chian weight tetradrachms of about 15.3 g. However, the club +E, the grapes + E, and indeed all subsequent didrachm issues until the last issues of that denomination in the early second century, were struck to a markedly lower standard of about 6.8 g. The club + O and the unattached grapes + E didrachms were accompanied by some tetradrachms of full Chian weight, but these are now very rare, and it seems likely that, whether or not they were originally struck in large quantities, they were soon driven out of circulation by the proportionately underweight didrachms. This would explain the absence of Rhodian tetradrachms from the hoard which had puzzled Hurter.103 The Rhodian section of the hoard suggests that by the time of burial around a quarter, perhaps as many as a third, of the 84 obverse dies which I have recorded for the didrachms with square incuse had been in use. This seems clear when one traces the reverse die links of the hoard coins to other didrachms with different obverse dies. The didrachm series thus seems to have started with some heavy strikings in the late 340s. Whether this high pace continued or slackened in subsequent years is on present evidence difficult to determine with certainty. If the unpublished 'Magnesia 1994' hoard was buried in the 320s as is tentatively suggested above (no. 463), then the presence in it of at least eight Rhodian didrachms from the round-incuse series which succeeded the square-incuse series suggests that the latter lasted for no more than a couple of decades,104 and that the changeover from square to round incuse took place earlier than the date of 305/4 which has hitherto been my working hypothesis. But the evidence for a later changeover, while not decisive, is not to be ignored, and it remains possible that the round incuse didrachms in the 'Magnesia 1994' hoard were a later addition to the main body of the hoard made in ancient or modern times.105 Moreover, in the absence of a detailed study of the 'Magnesia 1994' hoard, a burial date later in the fourth century cannot be excluded. RHJA 3. Conclusion The Pixodarus hoard has two outstanding characteristics that contribute towards its immense value as evidence for the activities of the mints of Chian weight coinage in the fourth century BC. First, on the basis of its Hecatomnid content, it is easily and precisely datable to 341 or 340 BC. Second, it contained substantial quantities of coins from series that were hitherto little, or indeed, not known before. It is now clear that the Chian weight coinages of Cyzicus, Chios, Cnidus and Cos had essentially ceased by the time of deposit of the hoard, whereas those of Thasos, Ephesus, Miletus and Rhodes all still had some time to run. Differing patterns of mint activity are now perceptible too. 102 Ashton, 'Coinage of Rhodes', p. 83; Konuk, Hekatomnids, pp. 174-5. For ihe contemporary miming of didrachms on Cos, see Meadows on pp. 236-8 above. 103 See Ashton. 'Coinage of Rhodes', p. 84 104 The only record of the Rhodian content of this hoard is a rather indistinct photocopy in the British Museum of the obverses of 83 didrachms. The style of the dies concerned leave no doubt that 75 of these coins were of the square incuse series, and 8 of the round incuse series. 105 R. Ashton, 'Rhodian coinage and the Colossus', RN 1988, pp. 75-90; id., 'Coinage of Rhodes', p. 86, and Postscript, p. 112. 242 Pixodarus Hoard Whereas at Thasos and Cyzicus, where issues are identified by symbols, a linear pattern is suggested, with each issue following the next in succession, at other mints such as Ephesus, Miletus, Cos and, to a certain extent, Samos, where the issues are signed by 'magistrates', the pattern seems rather to be one of parallel issues, with issues being produced in different names contemporaneously. Much work remains to be done on these coinages. Major die-studies of certain key mints are now needed. The evidence is now at least there, and even from the limited studies we have been able to present above the picture of Chian weight coinage in the fourth century is becoming gradually clearer, as well as more complex. 243