Commerce (“Achaeus” hoard), 2002 (CH 10.277) more

COMMERCE (“ACHAEUS” HOARD), 2002 (CH 10.277) A. R. MeAdows And CAthARine C. LoRbeR* PLAtes 17–20 IntroductIon The 87 tetradrachms of the “Achaeus” hoard were recorded from four lots that appeared in commerce from October 2002 to November 2003 as follows: Lot A (October 2002) Aetolian League 2 Prusias I Seleucus II, Uncertain Mint 37 (No. 61) 2 Antiochus Hierax, Ilium and Uncertain Mint 37 (Nos. 67, 69) Achaeus (No. 73) Antiochus III, Uncertain Mint 68 (No. 77) Arabian Alexander Lot B 44 tetradrachms of Alexander type, including 3 possibly intrusive Seleucid issues of Susa Lot C (March 2003) 3 Lysimachi 3 Side 9 Seleucus II, (Nos. 55–60, 62–64) Antiochus Hierax, Uncertain Mint 47A (No. 68) 3 Seleucus III, Antioch and perhaps Nisibis (Nos. 70–72) Achaeus (no. 75) 2 Antiochus III, Uncertain Mint 49, Susa (Nos. 76, 78) Lot D (November 2003) Antigonus III Doson Philip V Prusias I Achaeus (No. 74) Marathus (of these, only the Achaeus was certainly from the hoard) The coins were recorded and the catalogue prepared by Lorber; the commentary has been prepared by Meadows. A summary of this hoard appeared in SC II.2, pp. 150–151. * 115 MeAdows And LoRbeR catalogue MacedonIan KIngdoM ALexAndeR iii Macedonia (“Amphipolis”) Head of young Heracles r. in lion skin headdress, dotted border / ALEXANDRoU on r., Zeus enthroned l., holding eagle and resting on sceptre, dotted border. 1. 2. n.w. n.w. stAR in l. field. Price 61. CAduCeus in l. field. Price 99. Antigonus iii doson Head of Poseidon r., wreathed with sea grass/BASILEWS ANTI GoNoU in two lines on prow l., on which Apollo seated l., testing bow. 3.* PhiLiP V Head of Perseus l. in tondo of Macedonian shield / BASILEWS above, ILI oU below, horizontal club, all within oak wreath. 4. n.w. No controls. Not certainly from hoard. 17.13g fA in ex. Merker (1960): 49. Freeman & Sear FPL 9, lot 23. Not certainly from hoard. aetolIan league Head of young Heracles r. in lion skin headdress / AITWLWN, Aetolia seated r. on pile of Gallic shields, holding sword in lap and resting on spear. 5.* 17.07g  above SE in r. field. Tsangari (2007), Group II, issue 19c. Freeman & Sear MBS 9, lot 98. corInth, c. 220–c. 215 BC Alexander types 6.* 7. 8. 16.88g n.w. n.w. AthenA L. with shieLd And sPeAR in l. field, QE under throne, throne back ornamented with Nikai. Price 703. Freeman & Sear FPL 8, lot 99. As preceding. As two preceding. SIcyon, c. 225–c. 215 BC Alexander types 9.* 16.88g doVe fLying L. above boy L. with tAeniA in l. field, ! under throne. Price 719. Freeman & Sear FPL 8, lot 100. MegalopolIS, c. 225–c. 223 BC Alexander types 10. 17.07g TI above @ in l. field, ARI under throne, Gemini I, lot 79. syRinx in outer r. field. Price 753. 116 Achaeus Hoard uncertaIn MInt In greece or MacedonIa, c. 310–275 BC Alexander types 11.* 16.68g Unmarked. Price 844. Freeman & Sear FPL 8, lot 101. MeSeMbrIa, c. 225–c. 190 BC Alexander types, with BASILEWS on r., ALEXANDRoU on l. 12.* 16.73g Corinthian helmet r. above 4 in inner l. field. Price 999. Freeman & Sear FPL 8, lot 103. bIthynIan KIngdoM PRusiAs i Diademed head of Prusias I r. / BASILEWS on r., RoUSIoU on l., Zeus Stratios standing l., crowning royal name and resting on sceptre. 13. 14. 15. calchedon Lysimachus types 16.* 16.83g N in inner l. field, spiral on throne, grain stalk in ex. Freeman & Sear MBS 9, lot 89. n.w. n.w. n.w. No details recorded. No details recorded. No details recorded, and not certainly from hoard. uncertaIn MInt In northweSt aSIa MInor Lysimachus types 17.* laMpSacuS Lysimachus types 18. clazoMenae Alexander types 19.* 16.98g winged boAR foRePARt L. above Freeman & Sear FPL 8, lot 114. doLPhin L. 17.24g ( in inner l. field, O in outer r. field. Müller 541. Freeman & Sear MBS 9, lot 90. 16.97g A in inner l. field, CResCent under throne. Thompson 47. Freeman & Sear MBS 10, lot 155. in l. field. Price —, cf. 1746. colophon, c. 215 BC Alexander types 20.* MIletuS Alexander types 21.* 22. 23. 16.89g 16.67g n.w. Lion L., heAd ReVeRted, in l. field, # under throne. Price 2155. Freeman & Sear FPL 8, lot 117. stAR AboVe Lion L., heAd ReVeRted, above  in l. field,  under throne. Price 2166. Freeman & Sear MBS 10, lot 124. Lion L., heAd ReVeRted, above  in l. field, $ in ex. Price 2174. 16.49g Cithara in l. field. Price 1844. Freeman & Sear FPL 8, lot 115. 117 MeAdows And LoRbeR 24.* 25. n.w. n.w. Lion L., heAd ReVeRted, above  above & in l. field, 8 under throne. Price —. As preceding. rhodeS, c. 201–c. 190 BC Alexander types 26. 27.* 28. aSpenduS Alexander types 29. 30. 31. 32.* 33. 34.* 35. 36. 37. 38. 39.* 40.* 41.* 42.* 43. 44. perge Alexander types 45. 46. 47. 48. 49.* 50. 51. SIde Head of Athena r. in crested Corinthian helmet/Nike advancing l., holding wreath. 52. 53. 54. n.w. n.w. n.w. PoMegRAnAte above DI in l. field. SNG von Aulock 4781–4782. As preceding. As two preceding, but with dotted border on reverse. 16.72g n.w. n.w. 16.86g 16.75g 16.78g n.w. Pine cone above I in l. field. Price 2922. Freeman & Sear MBS 10, lot 131. I E in l. field. Price 2927. Iz in l. field. Price 2929. I H in l. field. Price 2930. Freeman & Sear MBS 10, lot 132. IQ in l. field. Price 2931. Freeman & Sear FPL 8, lot 147. As preceding. Gemini I, lot 82. K above sphinx l. in l. field. Price 2933. n.w. n.w. n.w. 16.94g 17.52g 17.21g n.w. 16.94g n.w. n.w. 16.94g 16.91g 16.88g 16.89g n.w. n.w. AS in l. field, B under throne. Price 2878. AS in l. field, G under throne. Price 2880. AS above D in l. field. Price 2882. AS above E in l. field. Price 2884. Freeman & Sear FPL 8, lot 144. As preceding. Freeman & Sear MBS 10, lot 129. As two preceding. Freeman & Sear MBS 11, lot 78. AS in l. field, E under throne. Price 2885. AS above H in l. field. Price 2888. Freeman & Sear MBS 10, lot 130. As preceding. As two preceding. AS above Q in l. field. Price 2889. Freeman & Sear FPL 8, lot 145. As preceding. Freeman & Sear FPL 7, lot 138. As preceding. Freeman & Sear FPL 8, lot 146. As preceding (same obv. die). Freeman & Sear MBS 12, lot 79. As preceding (same obv. die). As preceding. 17.52g 17.05g 17.21g  above Rose in l. field, Ro under throne. Price 2511. Freeman & Sear MBS 10, lot 126. % above Rose in l. field, Ro under throne. Price 2512. Freeman & Sear MBS 9, lot 68. As preceding. Freeman & Sear MBS 10, lot 127. 118 Achaeus Hoard SeleucId KIngdoM AntioChus ii Susa Head of young Heracles r. in lion skin headdress, dotted border / BASILEWS on r., ANTIoCoU on l., Zeus enthroned l., holding eagle and resting on scetpre, dotted border. 55. seLeuCus ii Unless otherwise noted, the types are: Diademed head of Seleucus II r. / BASILEWS on r., SELEUKoU on l., Apollo standing l., testing arrow and resting elbow on tall tripod. Uncertain Mint 34, in northwest Asia Minor 56.* Sardes 57.* 16.97g A in inner l. field, C in inner r. field. SC 655b. Freeman & Sear MBS 9, lot 135. 16.55g 8 in outer l. field, beneath arrow. Portrait with short sideburn. SC Part 2, Addenda Ad136. Freeman & Sear MBS 9, lot 134. n.w.  in l. field,  under throne. SC 603.3c. Uncertain Mint 36, in western Cilicia, probably Seleuceia on the Calycadnus 58.* 16.97g D in inner l. field,  in outer r. field. SC 676.2. Freeman & Sear MBS 9, lot 136. Antioch on the Orontes 59.* 60.* 16.91g 16.99g 0 in inner l. field. SC 689.4. Freeman & Sear MBS 9, lot 137. As preceding. MBS 9, lot 138.  Mint, associated with Antioch 61.* 16.88g  in outer l. field,  in outer r. field. SC 704.1g. Freeman & Sear MBS 9, lot 139. Uncertain Mint 37, in Mesopotamia west of Nisibis Diademed and draped bust of Seleucus II r., with long beard / BASILEWS on r., SELEUKoU on l., Apollo standing l., testing arrow and resting elbow on tall tripod. 62. 15.45g 4 in outer l. field,  in outer r. field. SC Part 2, Addenda Ad162. Freeman & Sear FPL 7, lot 164. Uncertain Mint 40, in Commagene 63.* 64.* Nisibis Diademed head of Seleucus II r., with short, curly beard, dotted border / BASILEWS on r., SELEUKoU on l., Apollo standing l., testing arrow and resting elbow on tall tripod, dotted border. 65.* 16.71g  in outer l. field,  in outer r. field. SC 749.3b. Freeman & Sear MBS 9, lot 142. 16.57g 16.85g  in outer r. field. SC 727.2 = SC Part 2, Addenda C727.2. Freeman & Sear MBS 9, lot 140. NA in inner l. field. Obverse die in third state. SC 727.4 = SC Part 2, Addenda C727.10. Freeman & Sear MBS 9, lot 141. 119 MeAdows And LoRbeR Susa Head of young Heracles r. in lion skin headdress, dotted border / BASILEWS on r., SELEUKoU on l., Zeus enthroned l., holding eagle and resting on scetpre, dotted border. 66. 67. n.w. n.w.  in l. field,  under throne. SC 787b. Possibly intrusive.  in l. field,  under throne. SC 789b. Possibly intrusive. AntioChus hieRAx Ilium Diademed head of young king r. / BASILEWS on r., ANTIoCoU on l., Apollo seated l. on omphalos, testing arrow and resting hand on grounded bow. 68. n.w. owL l. in ex. SC 868. Uncertain Mint 47A, perhaps in Aeolis or northern Ionia Diademed head of king r. with long sideburn, of barbarous style, dotted border / BASILEWS on r., ANTIoCoU on l., Apollo seated l. on omphalos, testing arrow and resting hand on grounded bow. 69.* 16.93g A above • above  in outer l. field. From same obverse die as SC 893. SC Part 2, Addenda Ad191. Freeman & Sear MBS 9, lot 143. Uncertain Mint 37, in Mesopotamia west of Nisibis Diademed and draped bust of Antiochus Hierax r., bearded, dotted border / BASILEWS on r., ANTIoCoU on l., Apollo seated l. on omphalos, testing arrow and resting hand on grounded bow. 70.* seLeuCus iii Diademed head of Seleucus III r., dotted border (except as noted) / BASILEWS on r., SELEUKoU on l., Apollo seated l. on omphalos, testing arrow and resting hand on grounded bow. Antioch on the Orontes 71.* 72.* Perhaps Nisibis 73.* AChAeus Sardes Diademed and draped bust of Achaeus right, dotted border / BASILEWS on r., ACAIoU on l., Athena Promachos, viewed from behind, advancing l., brandishing spear and shield. 74.* 75. 76.* 16.89g n.w. 16.78g hoRse heAd L. in inner l. field. SC Part 2, Addenda Ad199. Gemini I, lot 204. hoRse heAd L. in inner l. field, , in inner r. field. SC Part 2, Addenda Ad200. hoRse heAd L. in inner l. field, DI in inner r. field. SC 953.2. Double struck. Freeman & Sear FPL 9, lot 46. 16.83g. Control (if any) obliterated in outer l. field,  in outer r. field. Possible traces of fillet border on obverse, traces of dotted or linear border on reverse. SC Part 2, Addenda Ad198. Freeman & Sear MBS 9, lot 146. 16.95g 16.87g  above rose in outer l. field,  in outer r. field. SC 921.3. Freeman & Sear MBS 9, lot 144.  in outer l. field, , in outer r. field. SC 921.5a. Freeman & Sear MBS 9, lot 145. 16.67g 3 in outer r. field,  in ex. SC 914.1. Freeman & Sear FPL 7, lot 165. 120 Achaeus Hoard AntioChus iii Diademed head of Antiochus III r., dotted border / BASILEWS on r., ANTIoCoU on l., Apollo seated l. on omphalos, testing arrow and resting hand on grounded bow. Uncertain Mint 49, in Phrygia, perhaps Apameia 77.* 16.67g No controls. Both obverse and reverse of barbarous style. Probable obverse die link with SC 964, die here in damaged state. SC Part 2, Addenda Ad210. Freeman & Sear MBS 9, lot 147. Uncertain Mint 68, in northern Mesopotamia 78. 16.96g. AS in outer l. field,  in outer r. field. SC Part 2, Addenda Ad225. Freeman & Sear FPL 7, lot 166. Susa, first reign (before Molon) 79.* araduS Alexander types 80. 81.* 82. 83. MarathuS Head of Tyche r. in turreted crown / ARAQEWN, Marathus seated l. on pile of shields, extending r. hand and holding palm branch in l. arm. 84.* 16.78g Phoenician numeral III—n in l. field (year 33 of the Aradian era = 226/5 BC). BMC Phoenicia 1. Freeman & Sear MBS 11, lot 191; Freeman & Sear FPL 9, lot 52. Not certainly from hoard. n.w. 17.12g n.w. n.w. Palm tree in l. field, 1 under throne, —nn in ex. (left part of date off flan) (= year falling between 50 and 57). Price —; cf. Duyrat 1248. Palm tree in l. field, 1 under throne, III—nn in ex. (= year 53). Price —; cf. Duyrat 1248. Freeman & Sear FPL 8, lot 149. Palm tree in l. field, 1 under throne, date (if any) off flan. As preceding. 17.11g. g in outer l. field,  outer r. SC 1206. Freeman & Sear MBS 9, lot 148. northeaStern arabIa AbyAthA Head of young Heracles r. in lion skin headdress, dotted border / Arabian legend, figure enthroned l., holding reeds (?) and resting on sceptre, dotted border. *85. 16.93g South Arabian letter aleph in l. field. Potts 1. Freeman & Sear MBS 9, lot 182. uncertaIn MIntS Alexander types 86.* 87. 16.83g n.w.  in l. field. Price —. Perhaps intrusive. Unmarked. Barbarous imitation. 121 MeAdows And LoRbeR The following three coins do not appear in the original record of the hoard, but their types and commercial inventory numbers suggest that they were part of it. aStIbuS(?), paeonIa Alexander types A.* stAR in l. field. Price 644. Possibly this is no. 1, which was perhaps misrecorded as a Macedonian issue when the hoard was originally examined. uncertaIn MInt In northweStern aSIa MInor Lysimachus types B.* 17.06g. ( in inner l. field,  in outer r. field. Müller 542. Freeman & Sear MBS 9, lot 91. MIletuS Alexander types C.* 16.92g. Lion l., head reverted, above  in l. field,  under throne. Price 2167 var. Freeman & Sear MBS 9, lot 67. Possibly this is no. 23, assuming that it was misdescribed in the original notes on the hoard. coMMentary We cannot be certain that these four lots accounted for the hoard in its entirety. It follows that the closure date is provisional and any analysis can be offered only tentatively. Despite these uncertainties, and despite our ignorance of the findspot, the “Achaeus” hoard is of interest because it is the first recorded hoard containing precious metal coins of this Seleucid usurper. Its three tetradrachms of Achaeus effectively doubled the population of one of the great rarities of the Seleucid series. In addition, two of these Achaeus tetradrachms were new variants which doubled the number of known emissions from two to four. The only recorded findspot for a tetradrachm of Achaeus is Sardes: a fragmentary specimen was unearthed in the Sardes excavations.1 Sardes appears unlikely to be the findspot of our hoard, however, since its contents, insofar as they are known, include only one other coin of the Sardes mint. The only previous hoard to contain a coin of Achaeus was the Sardes hoard of 1911 (IGCH 1300). This was a bronze hoard secreted in the basis of the cult statue of Artemis at Sardes. The deposit apparently closed with the fall of Achaeus. Contrary to expectation, the “Achaeus” hoard of 2002 does not close with the tetradrachms of Achaeus, but continues into the reign of Antiochus III. It is generally assumed that Antiochus, after executing Achaeus, demonetized and destroyed his rivals’s gold and silver coinage, a policy that accounts for its great rarity today. As we shall see, the inclusion of specimens of Achaeus’ coinage in this hoard is likely to have chronological and geographical significance. Discussion of certain elements of the hoard will clarify matters. A. Non-Seleucid coinages 1. The Greek and Macedonian elements The hoard contains one tetradrachm of Antigonus III Doson (probably), one of Philip V (probably), one of the Aetolian League along with three posthumous Alexanders of Corinth and 1 Buttrey et al., (1981), p. 67, no. 379, pl. 2. 122 Achaeus Hoard one each of Sicyon and Megalopolis (Nos. 3–10). While Macedonian and Greek issues are not unknown in Seleucid hoards, these coins account for almost 10% of the Achaeus hoard, and such a conglomeration is remarkable. This component can be fairly well dated. The issue of Doson obviously dates from the 220s; that of Philip V is of his second series, for which a date between 212 and 179 BC is likely.2 The Aetolian League issue is dated by Tsangari to the 220s, on the basis of the inclusion of this type in the Corinth 1938 hoard (IGCH 187).3 The issue of Corinth dates to the period shortly before 218 BC on the basis of its inclusion in the Patras hoard (IGCH 186), probably deposited in that year.4 Its production seems to be connected with the outbreak of the Social War in Greece (220–217 BC). The same can be said of the issues of Sicyon. Those of Megalopolis must be dated a little earlier, as a mint-state example of Price 752, arguably the last issue of the series, was included in the Seleucus III hoard (closure 225/4 BC).5 All of this coinage had potentially been struck by c. 210 BC, and it is tempting to suggest that it found its way eastwards in two pulses, the first to be associated with the Carian campaign of Antigonus Doson c.227, the second a perhaps more gradual movement within the decade 220–210 BC, to be associated with the period of Antigonid control of Caria during these years.6 This period must have seen a regular flow of personnel and coin from the Macedonian mainland to the Carian province.7 2. Alexanders and Lysimachi of Northern and Western Asia Minor Thirteen coins of this category are present, comprising almost 15% of the hoard. Of the three Lysimachi amongst these (Nos. 16–18), one is a lifetime issue remaining in circulation long after its issue. One is of uncertain mint and cannot be dated. The third is of Chalcedon of the type bearing a spiral on Athena’s throne, rather than the city’s initial, which appeared later. An example of the identical issue occurred in the Seleucus III hoard, establishing its date in or before the mid 220s.8 Once more we have a coin struck most probably within the period 230–225 BC. The Alexanders present a similar picture. The issue of Clazomenae (No. 19) belongs to a group that is related in its use of symbol controls to issues found in the Seleucus III hoard, which was deposited in the mid 220s, but which seems stylistically to be slightly later. On the other hand the Achaeus hoard issue is certainly earlier than the later issues of Clazomenae with monograms as controls, which are present in hoards of the 190s (Mektepini and Ayaz In).9 A date between c. 225 and 200 BC seems likely for this coin. The issue of Colophon in the hoard (No. 20) was dated c. 215 BC by Price on stylistic grounds.10 The five coins of Miletus (Nos. 21–25) are not closely datable. Price’s organization of the third century issues was based on poor hoard evidence, and thus largely hypothetical. Deficiencies have been noted by Kinns,11 and a study of these coins is now badly needed. The three coins of Rhodes (Nos. 26–28: Price 2511 and 2512 [2 ex.]) with Boehringer (1972), pp. 116–118. Tsangari (2007). 4 Troxell (1971), pp. 60–61. 5 Troxell (1971), pp. 59-61. For a partial listing of the Seleucus III hoard see SC II.2, pp. 142–150. 6 Three tetradrachms of Doson were recorded from the Seleucus III hoard, all of the common issue with a single monogram (as SNG Oxford 3264). The scarce variety represented in the Achaeus hoard bears a second monogram alongside the first and very likely represents a slightly later mintage. 7 For evidence of Philip’s involvement in Carian affairs during this period see Meadows (1996). 8 An issue of the type included in the Achaeus hoard may also have been present in the Mektepini hoard: see no. 150 where the monogram read by Olçay and Seyrig (1965) as AI may in fact be AG. 9 I have suggested elsewhere (Meadows [2009a]), that the group to which the Achaeus hoard issue belongs should be dated c. 225–205 BC. 10 The specimen in London was struck from the same die as as an issue of Phocaea, which appears stylistically earlier than the latest issues present in the Mektepini hoard. See Price, pp. 291 and 258. 11 Kinns (2006), p. 37. 2 3 123 MeAdows And LoRbeR monogram control marks fall early in the sequence at this mint. Until recently this entire coinage was thought to have been struck around 201–190 BC, and to be connected to the Rhodian war with Philip V in the earlier part of that period. However, on the basis of the “Seleucus III” hoard, Ashton (2004) has demonstrated that the earliest two issues of Rhodian Alexanders (Price 25092510) must have been struck considerably earlier, in the 220s BC. Ashton has pointed out to me the marked difference in fabric between these earlier issues and the subsequent issues as well, which suggests a break in production at the mint. The two issues present in the Achaeus hoard must fall between the later 210s and the end of the century, by which time the later issues with full magistrates’ names were in production. The appearance of one such full-name issue of HAISTAIWN in the Diyarbakir 1955 hoard (IGCH 1735) of c. 205 BC provides the best terminus ante quem for our Rhodian issues, and their absence from the Gordion I hoard (IGCH 1406) of c. 210 may also be significant. We may therefore assign them a range of c. 210–205 BC.12 3. Pamphylian coinages The issues of this region constitute almost 30% of the hoard’s contents. The three coins of Side (Nos. 52–54) are all of the same issue, signed by DI, whose issue also occurs in the Pergamum Asklepieion hoard of c. 201 BC, and who appears to be one of the earliest magistrates to have produced this substantial coinage. This strongly suggests that we are at the very beginning of the Sidetan coinage, which seems to have occurred within the decade c. 210–200 BC, on the evidence of the Diyarbakir, Pergamum Asklepieion and Oylum Höyüğü hoards (IGCH 1735, 1303; CH 9. 501).13 The Alexander issues of Perge and Aspendos (Nos. 45–51 and 29–44) bear dates according to their cities’ eras. These eras, as McIntyre’s study has almost certainly confirmed, were separated by 10 years.14 On this assumption, the specimens present in the hoard are summarized in the following table. Table 1: Date Relationship between Perge and Aspendos in the “Achaeus” Hoard On the issue of Hephaistion see Ashton (2004), p. 97. The Diyarbakir hoard’s date is suggested by its Attalid content: see Seyrig, p. 26. Price 2512, present in the Achaeus hoard, is die-linked to Price 2518, an issue with the full name of Ainetor: Kleiner (1971), p. 111. There is, therefore, unlikely to be a long gap between the issues with monogram and those with full name. 13 For the hoards and their Sidetan contents see Meadows (2006), pp. 155–156. 14 McIntyre (2007). 12 124 Achaeus Hoard This suggests that burial took place in year 20 (Perge) = 10 (Aspendos). The translation of these civic dates into dates BC remains controversial. I have argued elsewhere that the era of Perge begins in 223 BC and that of Aspendos in 213. Boehringer argued for 219/8 and 210/9 (on the assumption of a 9 year interval); Martin Price preferred 221/0 and 212/11 BC. On these three reconstructions the issues of the Achaeus hoard would end in 204 BC (Meadows), 199 BC (Boehringer), or 201 BC (Price).15 4. Aradus and Peraea Five coins from this area were included, or nearly 6% of the hoard. The earliest is a tetradrachm of Marathus (No. 84) dated to year 33 of the Aradian era (226/5 BC). The four remaining coins are Alexanders of Aradus (Nos. 80-83). Unfortunately only one of their dates (No. 81) could be read fully, and this bears the date 53 (=207/6 BC). Another (No. 80) is partially legible and has a date that must fall between years 50 and 57 (210–203 BC. This is of particular interest because the record of the Aradian mint’s production during this period is otherwise poorly preserved. Price’s catalogue suggests that production of these tetradrachms was suspended after year 45 (215/4 BC) and resumed only in year 58 (202/1 BC), when the mint abandoned Phoenician in favor of Greek numerals to express the dates.16 F. Duyrat’s new corpus of the coinage of Hellenistic Aradus records just one coin of this period, dated year 54 (206/5 BC).17 Duyrat did not illustrate this piece. It is extremely unfortunate that the importance of the Aradian tetradrachms in the “Achaeus” hoard went unrecognized, and they were sold without having all been photographed. 5. Conclusions from non-Seleucid contents The Pamphylian Alexanders suggest that the hoard was deposited within the period 204–199 BC, or very shortly thereafter. The Aradian content similarly suggests a deposit date between 207 and 203 BC or thereafter. This date range within the last five years or so of the 3rd century is further supported by the Sidetan issues. The Alexanders of Rhodes suggest that a date much later than 205 BC cannot be entertained. All told, the non-Seleucid evidence suggests a burial date between the years 204 and 199 BC. In at least one case our hoard can narrow the date of a coin. The Mesembrian Alexander (No. 12) is dated c. 225–c. 175 in Price’s catalogue. The lower date should probably be raised to c. 200. B. Seleucid Content Excluding the three coins of Achaeus, there are 22 Seleucid coins, constituting 25% of the hoard, which break down as follows: Antiochus I Seleucus II Antiochus Hierax Seleucus III Antochus III 1 12 3 3 3 The key issues, in chronological terms, are those of Antiochus III. Ostensibly the latest coin of the “Achaeus” hoard is the tetradrachm of Antiochus III from Uncertain Mint 68 (No. 78; SC II Addenda Ad225). It features an elderly portrait and shares the controls of SC 1133.4a. In Seleucid Coins, Part 1, this type of portrait is considered to be the last of the reign and is dated c. 193– For a full discussion of the problem and the proposed new chronology, see Meadows (2009b). Price, pp. 416, 427. 17 Duyrat (2005), no. 1248. 15 16 125 MeAdows And LoRbeR 187. The discrepancy between the date of No. 78 and the closing date of the “Achaeus” hoard suggested by the non-Seleucid contents may indicate problems with the chronology proposed in SC Part 1. Specifically, the portrait types of Uncertain Mint 68 may have been misinterpreted and/ or the older portrait types may have been introduced to the coinage of Antiochus III as early as c. 200. The new Seleucid issues (Nos. 56, 62, 69, 73–75, and 77–78) are listed in the Addenda and Corrigenda to SC II, at Ad136, Ad162, Ad191, Ad198–200, Ad210, and Ad225, in some cases with further discussion. Circumstances of Burial We may close by speculating as to the likely find-spot and circumstances of the hoard’s burial. The unusual proportion of Greek and Macedonian issues has already been noted, and may suggest a find-spot in proximity to the Antigonid possessions in southwestern Asia Minor. The presence of 34 Rhodian, Milesian, and Pamphylian coins (39% of the hoard) further suggests a find-spot in southern Asia Minor. The sparse representation of mints to the north of Ionia, and complete absence of Attalid coinage, further reinforces this conclusion. At the same time, as we have seen, the presence of 3 coins of Achaeus suggests that the hoard was formed to the west of the Taurus, in an area that had not been entirely cleansed of the usurper’s coinage. Nonetheless, there are Seleucid coins present in the hoard, although just three of these are issues of Antiochus III. Given these indications of find-spot, and the suggested date of deposit within the period 204–199 BC, we may tentatively suggest that the hoard is connected to the Seleucid offensive of late 204 or 203 BC, when Antiochus crossed the Taurus for the first time in a decade and sought to extend his control into southern Ionia and Caria.18 The connection must remain hypothetical, but place and time both seem to fit the contents of this hoard well. 18 For the circumstances, see Ma (1999), pp. 63–73. 126 Achaeus Hoard Bibliography Ashton (2004) Boehringer (1972) Buttret et al. 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