Money in an Ideal World: Plato’s Laws and the Dual Nature of Coinage more

F000AA_Selides titlouNEO 14/10/2009 04:21 µµ Page 1 F000AA_Selides titlouNEO 14/10/2009 04:21 µµ Page 2 F000AA_Selides titlouNEO 14/10/2009 04:21 µµ Page 3 KEPMATIA ºI§IA™ F000AA_Selides titlouNEO 14/10/2009 04:21 µµ Page 4 | Y ¶ O Y P ° E I O ¶ O § I T I ™ M O Y | NOMI™MATIKO MOY™EIO | | HELLENIC MINISTRY OF CULTURE | N U M I S M A T I C M U S E U M | ÂΉfiÛÂȘÛËÌ· ™À¡Δ∞∫Δπ∫∏ ∂¶πΔƒ√¶∏ EDITORIAL COMMITTEE ™Ù¤ÏÏ· ¢ÚÔ‡ÁÔ˘ K·ıËÁ‹ÙÚÈ· AÚ¯·ÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜, AÚÈÛÙÔÙ¤ÏÂÈÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔӛ΢. Stella Drougou, Professor of Archaeology, Aristotelian University of Thessalonike. ¢¤ÛÔÈÓ· E˘ÁÂÓ›‰Ô˘ ¢È¢ı‡ÓÙÚÈ· NÔÌÈÛÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ MÔ˘Û›Ԣ. Despoina Evgenidou Director of the Numismatic Museum, Athens. X·Ú¿Ï·ÌÔ˜ KÚÈÙ˙¿˜ AÚ¯·ÈÔÏfiÁÔ˜, E›ÙÈÌÔ˜ ¢È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹˜ EÈÁÚ·ÊÈÎÔ‡ MÔ˘Û›Ԣ. Charalampos Kritzas Archaeologist, Honorary Director of the Epigraphical Museum, Athens. NÈÎfiÏ·Ô˜ K·ÏÙÛ¿˜ ¢È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹˜ EıÓÈÎÔ‡ AÚ¯·ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ MÔ˘Û›Ԣ. Nikolaos Kaltsas Director of the National Archaeological Museum, Athens. B¿Ûˆ ¶¤ÓÓ· E›ÎÔ˘ÚÔ˜ K·ıËÁ‹ÙÚÈ· B˘˙·ÓÙÈÓ‹˜ IÛÙÔÚ›·˜ Î·È NÔÌÈÛÌ·ÙÈ΋˜, ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ¶ÂÏÔÔÓÓ‹ÛÔ˘. Vasso Penna Assistant Professor of Byzantine History and Numismatics, University of Peloponnese. HÒ˜ TÛÔ‡ÚÙË NÔÌÈÛÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÔ˜. Eos Tsourti Numismatist. Mina Galani-Krikou Numismatist. M›Ó· °·Ï¿ÓË-KÚ›ÎÔ˘ NÔÌÈÛÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÔ˜. E˘Ù¤ÚË P¿ÏÏË NÔÌÈÛÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÔ˜, NÔÌÈÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi MÔ˘Û›Ô. Efterpi Ralli Numismatist, Numismatic Museum, Athens. ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË: ¡›ÎÔ˜ ™Ô˘ÁϤ˜ Electronic processing: Nikos Sougles Ã√ƒ∏°O™ | Sponsor © NÔÌÈÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi MÔ˘Û›Ô, ÂΉfiÛÂȘÛËÌ· Û ™XE¢IA™MO™ | ∂¶πME§EIA | ¶APA°ø°H: ÂΉfiÛÂȘÛËÌ· ISBN 978-960-98451-4-4 ISBN 978-960-89506-6-5 978-960-98451-2-0 978-960-98451-3-7 978-960-89506-7-2 978-960-89506-8-9 F000AA_Selides titlouNEO 14/10/2009 04:21 µµ Page 5 KEPMATIA ºI§IA™ ÙÈÌËÙÈÎfi˜ ÙfiÌÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Iˆ¿ÓÓË TÔ˘Ú¿ÙÛÔÁÏÔ˘ A NOMI™MATIKH-™ºPA°I™TIKH | Y ¶ O Y P ° E I O ¶ O § I T I ™ M O Y | NOMI™MATIKO MOY™EIO | Aı ‹ Ó · 2 0 0 9 | | HELLENIC MINISTRY OF CULTURE | N U M I S M A T I C M U S E U M | Athens 2009 | F000AA_Selides titlouNEO 14/10/2009 04:21 µµ Page 6 K·ÙÂÚ›Ó· °∂øƒ°∞∫∞∫∏ FperiexomenaTelikoA 19/10/2009 05:29 πμ Page 605 ¶EPIEXOMENA A ¶ÚfiÏÔÁÔ˜ EÚÁÔÁÚ·Ê›· I-IX EÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ X·Ú¿Ï·ÌÔ˜ M¶AKIPTZH™ IøANNH™ TOYPAT™O°§OY, ï àÚ¯·ÈÔÏfiÁÔ˜ ............................................................................................................................................................................... 1-5 NOMI™MATIKH ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7-602 9-23 X·Ú¿Ï·ÌÔ˜ B. KPITZA™ Andrew MEADOWS Olivier PICARD °. A. ¶I∫OÀ§∞™ Mȯ¿Ï˘ TIBEPIO™ O‚ÔÏÔ› AÚÁÔÏÈÎÔ› ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Money in an ideal world: Plato’s Laws and the dual nature of Coinage EÓ· ÓfiÌÈÛÌ· Î·È Î¿ÔȘ ÈÛÙÔڛ˜ ............................................................................................................ 25-31 33-43 45-53 55-67 69-79 81-95 Le décret amphictionique sur le tétradrachme stéphanéphore et les technites AÙÙÈο «ÂڷωÈο» Î·È «Ó¤·˜ Ù¯ÓÔÙÚÔ›·˜» ÓÔÌ›ÛÌ·Ù· Î·È ÔÈ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó·ıËÓ·˚ÎÔ‡˜ ·ÌÊÔÚ›˜ «£ËÛ·˘Úfi˜» ÓÔÌÈÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ÎÏÂÈÛÙfi Ù·ÊÈÎfi Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ·fi ÙÔ ‚ÔÚÂÈÔ-·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎfi ÓÂÎÚÔÙ·ÊÂ›Ô Ù˘ £‹‚·˜ ™Î¿ÚÊË, fiÏȘ §ÔÎÚ›‰Ô˜ ......................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ......................................................................................................................................... ŒÏÂÓ· B§AXO°IANNH E˘·ÁÁÂÏ›· °EøP°IOY Maria CACCAMO CALTABIANO ¨ F. DE CALLATAY and R. KAN Wolfgang FISCHER-BOSSERT Nina FROLOVA Christos GATZOLIS Selene PSOMA Dominique GÉRIN Giovanni GORINI ™Ù¤ÏÏ· KATAKOYTA ....................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Why is there the head of a Silenus on the Aitna tetradrachm? ........................................................................................................................................ 97-107 A new silver denomination of Lysimachus: a unique hemidrachm (from Mytilene?) with Athena Parthenos on the reverse .......................................................................................................................................... 109-115 117-125 127-133 135-143 Goldene Charonsgroschen Caucasian imitations of Alexander and Lysimachus’ Golden Stater More on the Bottiaeans of Thrace ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Sphinges perdues et retrouvées : cinq monnaies de Samothrace dans la Collection Chandon de Briailles A parcel of a 4th century Athenian Tetradrachms Hoard ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 145-151 153-157 159-175 ......................................................................................................................................... «£ËÛ·˘Úfi˜» ·ÚÁ˘ÚÒÓ ÓÔÌÈÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú¯·›· º¿ÚÛ·ÏÔ ................................................................................... FperiexomenaTelikoA 19/10/2009 05:29 πμ Page 606 K·ÙÂÚ›Ó· °∂øƒ°∞∫∞∫∏ NOMI™MATIKH Koray KONUK £Âfi‰ˆÚÔ˜ KOYPEM¶ANA™ Kasolaba, A new mint in Karia? ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 177-183 A‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘Ù˜ ÂÈÎÔ¤˜ ÛÙ· ÂÏÏËÓÈÛÙÈο ÓÔÌ›ÛÌ·Ù· £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔӛ΢, AÌÊ›ÔÏ˘ Î·È ¶¤ÏÏ·˜ The Tauropolos tetradrachms of the first Macedonian Meris: Provenance, Iconography and dating An addition to the Eleusinian Triptolemos/piglet coinage H ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· EÚÌÈÔÓÈ΋ ÊÚÔ˘Ú¿ ÛÙË Ó‹ÛÔ Y‰Ú¤· ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 185-190 Sophia KREMYDI-SICILIANOU ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 191-201 203-205 207-217 John H. KROLL Õ‰ˆÓȘ ∫. ∫Àƒ√À Metodi MANOV B·Û›Ï˘ ¶OY§IO™ E˘Ù¤ÚË PA§§H Ilya PROKOPOV , .......................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... Relationships between two Scythian kings in Dobroudja and some macedonian hellenistic kings evidenced by epigraphical and numismatic data «£ËÛ·˘Úfi˜» ·ÚÁ˘ÚÒÓ ÓÔÌÈÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ AÌÊ›ÔÏ˘ Î·È £¿ÛÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔ ÓÂÎÚÔÙ·ÊÂ›Ô Ù˘ ·Ú¯·›·˜ °·˙ÒÚÔ˘ (CH IX, 18) ............................................................................. 219-225 227-233 235-245 .............................................................................................. £ËÛ·˘Úfi˜ ÌÔχ‚‰ÈÓˆÓ Û˘Ì‚fiÏˆÓ ·fi ÙÔ KÔÚˆ› AÙÙÈ΋˜ ........................................................................ Basic coin types in Thrace recorded quantities and their participation in the coin circulation during the 2nd-1st centuries BC Samische Phylen .............................................................................................................. 247-253 255-261 263-269 271-283 Hans-Dietrich SCHULTZ Kenneth SHEEDY Vassiliki E. STEF ANAKI Stavri TOPALOV, .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Ios and Syros. Studies in the hellenistic coinages of the Cyclades .............................................................................. Le monnayage de bronze de Viannos et de Malla en Crète orientale A bronze coin of the type of Alexander III re-minted with stamps of the coin type of Philip II ....................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 285-291 293-297 299-319 321-329 331-341 343-359 361-365 367-375 ¢‹ÌËÙÚ· T™A°KAPH-™TEºANH HÒ˜ T™OYPTH Panagiotis TSELEKAS Chrysanthos VALASSIADIS Bernhard WEISSER, Karsten DAHMEN Michel AMANDRY ˇ Ä Slobodan DUSANIC Wolfgang LESCHHORN ŒÓ· ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi ÙÂÙÚ¿‰Ú·¯ÌÔ Ù˘ AÈÙˆÏÈ΋˜ ™˘ÌÔÏÈÙ›·˜ H Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ £ÂÔ‰ÒÚ·˜ A˘Á¤ÚË ........................................................................ .............................................................................................................................................................................................. On the “Skione 1990/1” hoard [CH VIII (1994), 63; CH IX (2002), 4] Zur Zirkulation der Münzen Kassanders Goldene Alexander zum Geschenk ............................................................ .................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................. Le monnayage de Géta Auguste au nom du Koinon Kupriôn Domitian and the coins of the Dardanian mines ..................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. Der Kaiser als Gründer. Der titel KTI™TH™ auf griechischen Münzen der Römischen Kaiserzeit Ein Schatzfund von Prägungen Neros der Prägestätte Thessaloniki im Bereich Serres (Ostmakedonien, 2003) Monnaies de Naxos (Cyclades) d’époque impériale romaine .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 377-383 Katerini LIAMPI ................................................................................................................................................................ 385-393 395-405 Hélène NICOLET -PIERRE IÓÒ Nπ∫O§AOÀ, ................................................................................................ NÔÌ›ÛÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ¿ÙÔÚ· BÂÛ·ÛÈ·ÓÔ‡ Ô˘ ÎfiËÎ·Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ K‡ÚÔ, ÛÙÔ NÔÌÈÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi MÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô AıËÓÒÓ 407-411 ........................................................................................................................................................................... Cleopatra PAPAEVANGELOU-GENAKOS The metrology of the coinage of Amphipolis in imperial times ......................................................................................... 413-427 FperiexomenaTelikoA 19/10/2009 05:29 πμ Page 607 NOMI™MATIKH ÷ڛÎÏÂÈ· ¶A¶A°EøP°IA¢OY-M¶ANH °È¿ÓÓ˘ ™TO°IA™ NÔÌ›ÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ TÚÈ·ÓÙ·Ê˘ÏÏ›‰Ë ÛÙÔ NÔÌÈÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi MÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ™¿ÓÈ· „¢‰Ô·˘ÙfiÓÔÌË ÎÔ‹ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚÈÎÒÓ ¯ÚfiÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ∫ÔÈÓÔ‡ ÙˆÓ £ÂÛÛ·ÏÒÓ Further considerations on the numismatics of Catalan Greece, in the light of the Athens Roman Agora (Lytsika) 1891 hoards ............................ 429-445 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 447-455 Julian BAKER, Mina GALANI-KRIKOU ................................................................................... 457-473 475-481 483-489 Luigi BESCHI Orestes H. ZERVOS Ernest OBERLÄNDER-TÂRNOVEANU Giovanni VIII Paleologo di Pisanello nel museo numismatico di Atene ........................................................... A new variant of the copper tetarteron with “jeweled cross” of Alexius I Comnenus The imitative gold coinage of Byzantine type from the late 12th and the early 13th century ................ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 491-505 507-515 517-539 B¿Ûˆ ¶E¡¡A ∞ÈηÙ. T™ANANA, ∫Ï¿Óı˘ ¢OYKA™ ¶·Ó·ÁÈÒÙ˘ KOKKA™ «£ËÛ·˘Úfi˜» ¶¿ÚÔ˘/1999Ø Â·ÓÂͤٷÛË ÙˆÓ «ÈÛÙÒÓ ·ÔÌÈÌ‹Ûˆӻ B˘˙·ÓÙÈÓ¿ ÓÔÌ›ÛÌ·Ù· ·fi ÙË BÚ‡· Ù˘ X·ÏÎȉÈ΋˜ O ıËÛ·˘Úfi˜ OıˆÌ·ÓÈÎÒÓ ¿ÛÚˆÓ «M·ÓÙ¤Ì §¿ÎÎÔ˜ ™ÙÚ·ÙˆÓ›Ô˘ X·ÏÎȉÈ΋˜ 1938» O ıËÛ·˘Úfi˜ ·fi ÙÔ P¿˚ÎÔ˜ KÔ˘ÚÂÓÙ›ˆÓ H›ÚÔ˘ ¢˘Ô ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈο ·ÂÏÏ· ÙÔ˘ Iˆ¿ÓÓË AÚÈÛÙ¿Ú¯Ë ................... ................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................ 541-553 555-567 569-577 AÓ‰Ú¤·˜ ª∞∑∞ƒ∞∫∏™ ¢¤ÛÔÈÓ· EY°ENI¢OY ................................................................................................................. ...................................................................................................................... ™ºPA°I™TIKH .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 579-603 581-591 πˆ¿ÓÓ· ∫√§Δ™π¢∞-ª∞∫ƒ∏ °ÈfiÚη Nπ∫√§∞√À MÔÏ˘‚‰fi‚Ô˘ÏÏ· ™˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ N·Ô‡Ì .............................................................................................................................................................................. «TÔ ı·‡Ì· ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈϤˆÓ Î·È Ë ‰›ÎË ÙÔ˘ ™ÂÎÚ¤ÙÔ˘», ÌÈ· ÌÔÓ·‰È΋ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚÈ΋ ‚Ô‡ÏÏ· ·fi ÙȘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ NÔÌÈÛÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ MÔ˘Û›Ԣ ................... 593-603 ¶EPIEXOMENA 605-610 FperiexomenaTelikoA 19/10/2009 05:29 πμ Page 608 B E¶I°PAºIKH ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1-165 °ÈÒÚÁÔ˜ ¢E™¶INH™ O ‰›ÛÎÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ ÌÔ˘Û›Ԣ ·ÚÈı. 93Ø «ÌӤ̷ Ùfi‰’ ·åÓbÔ ÛÔÊ›·˜ å·ÙÚe ôÚÈÛÙÔ» ............................................................................................................................................................. 3-11 ÃÚ˘ÛԇϷ ™∞∞Δ™√°§√À-¶∞§π∞¢∂§∏ M·Ú›· §I§IM¶AKH-AKAMATH ∂ÌÌ·ÓÔ˘‹Ï BOYTYPA™ M. B. HATZOPOULOS EÓÂ›ÁÚ·ÊÔ ·fiÙÌËÌ· ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ı¿ÙÚÔ˘ ÙˆÓ AÈÁÒÓ EıÓÈÎa ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· Û ÂÈÁڷʤ˜ Ù˘ ¶¤ÏÏ·˜ ............................................ 13-21 23-31 33-45 ............................................................................................................................................. ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ Û ‰‡Ô ÂÈÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ·fi ÙË B¤ÚÔÈ· Some new documents from the Macedonian chancery Problems of form and content ...................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 47-55 57-69 71-79 81-89 B¿Û· K√¡Δ√ƒπ¡∏ §›Ó· °. MEN¢øNH Constantinos LAGOS KˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˜ T™AKO™ Denis KNOEPFLER HÏ›·˜ ™BEPKO™ AÌ·Ï›· KAPA¶A™XA§I¢OY °. A. ™OYPH™ ÕÁÓˆÛÙ· «Ê·ÓÙ¿ÛÌ·Ù·» Û ÁÓˆÛÙ¤˜ ÂÈÁڷʤ˜ ·fi ÙË Pfi‰Ô TÈÌËÙÈÎfi „‹ÊÈÛÌ· ·fi ÙËÓ K·Úı·›· ............................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................. Athena Itonia at Amorgos. A new interpretation of the Evidence H º›Ï· Î·È Ë ™¿ÌÔ˜: ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ› Á‡Úˆ ·fi ¤Ó· ‚ˆÌfi ............................................................................... ............................................................................... 91-105 Sur le nom d’ un citoyen d’Akanthos enlevé par les pirates (Polyen VI 54) MÈ· ÂÈÙ¿ÊÈ· ÂÓÂ›ÁÚ·ÊË ÛÙ‹ÏË ·fi ÙËÓ OÚÂÛÙ›‰· ....................................... 107-111 113-119 121-123 ..................................................................................................... §›ıÈÓË ÂÓÂ›ÁÚ·ÊË ÛÙ‹ÏË ·fi ÙË X·ÏΛ‰·-¶Â‰›Ô ‚ÔÏ‹˜ EÈÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ T‡¯Ë ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙfiÚˆÓ Û ÂÈÁڷʤ˜ ·fi ÙË M·Î‰ÔÓ›· .................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................. 125-131 133-141 143-149 °ÈÒÚÁÔ˜ BE§ENH™ AÁÁÂÏÈ΋ ™TPATH H ÂÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙÔ˘ £‡ÚÛÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ TÂÁ¤· ...................................................................................................................................................................... H ÂÈه̂ȷ ÂÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙÔ˘ Aı·Ó·Û›Ô˘ M·ÛÁ›‰· ÛÙË ÌÔÓ‹ TÈÌ›Ô˘ ¶ÚÔ‰ÚfiÌÔ˘ ™ÂÚÚÒÓ. ™¯fiÏÈ· Î·È ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ .............................................. ¶·ÓÙÂÏ‹˜ M. NI°¢∂§∏™ O N¤ÛÙˆÚ, Ô §˘·›Ô˜ Î·È Ù· ¶‡ıÈ·. O ‚›Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ AÁ›Ô˘ ¢ËÌËÙÚ›Ô˘ ˘fi ÙÔ Êˆ˜ Ó¤ˆÓ ÂÈÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ Â˘ÚËÌ¿ÙˆÓ AӤΉÔÙ˜ ÂÈÁڷʤ˜ Î·È ¯·Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· ·fi Ó·Ô‡˜ Î·È ÌÔÓ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÓÔÌÔ‡ HÚ·ÎÏ›Ԣ KÚ‹Ù˘ ......................................................................................................................................... 151-159 Iˆ¿ÓÓ˘ BO§ANAKH™ ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 161-165 APXAIO§O°IA ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 167-603 169-189 I™TOPIA-APXAIO§O°IA ™Ù¤ÏÏ· ¢ƒ√À°√À K. ™OYEPEº EÈÎfiÓ˜ Î·È Û‡Ì‚ÔÏ· ÂÚ› ÙˆÓ AÈÁÒÓ H ÂÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ AÓÙÈ·ÙÚȉÒÓ Î·È ÔÈ «M·Î‰ÔÓÈÎÔ› T¿ÊÔÈ» Ù˘ £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔÓ›ÎÂÈ·˜ Î·È K·ÛÛ·Ó‰ÚÂȈÙÈ΋˜ ¯ÒÚ·˜ ............................................................................................................................................................ 171-179 181-189 .................................................................................................... FperiexomenaTelikoA 19/10/2009 05:29 πμ Page 609 ANA™KAºIKA Iˆ¿ÓÓ˘ M. AKAMATH™ AÁÁÂÏÈ΋ KOTTAPI¢H §È¿Ó· ¶AP§AMA ™Ù¤ÊË KOPTH-KONTH ª·Ú›· Δ™IM¶I¢OY-∞Y§øNITH AÓ·ÛÙ·Û›· XPY™O™TOMOY ¢¤ÛÔÈÓ· ∑EPNIøTH 191-287 ¶ÚÔ˚ÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ¶¤ÏÏ·. NÂÎÚÔÙ·ÊÂ›Ô ÂÔ¯‹˜ X·ÏÎÔ‡ ..................................................................................................... 193-213 215-225 227-241 243-249 251-269 271-277 279-287 H ÔÚÂÈÓ‹ HÌ·ı›· ÛÙËÓ ÚÒÈÌË ÂÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ™È‰‹ÚÔ˘ (11Ô˜ - 7Ô˜ ·È .Ã.) ¶·Ï·Ì¿ÚÈ ™Î‡ÚÔ˘, Ë ·Ó·Ûηʋ Ù˘ Ô¯‡ÚˆÛ˘, 2000-2007 IˆÓÈÎa Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· ÛÙfiÓ ·Ú¯·˚Îfi £ÂÚÌ·˚Îfi .................. ..................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................ ºÔ›ÓÈη˜ 2005. H Ì·ÚÙ˘Ú›· ÙÔ˘ ÎÈ‚ˆÙÈfiÛ¯ËÌÔ˘ Ù·ÊÔ˘ 4 ............................................................................... T·ÊÈÎfi Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ·fi ÙÔ ¢˘ÙÈÎfi NÂÎÚÔÙ·ÊÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘ AÚ¯ÔÓÙÈÎÔ‡ ¶¤ÏÏ·˜ T·ÊÈÎfi Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÌ· ·fi ÙË ÚˆÌ·˚΋ fiÏË Ù˘ K·ÛÛÈfi˘ .......................... .................................................................. APXITEKTONIKH-TO¶O°PAºIA Emanuele GRECO Paolo VITTI Antonio CORSO Massimo VITTI 289-333 Nota sul santuario di Apollo Pizio ad Atene ...................................................................................................................................................... 291-297 299-311 313-319 H ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ º¿ÚÔ˘ Ù˘ AÏÂÍ¿Ó‰ÚÂÈ·˜ .................................................................................................................... A few thoughts on the Tower of the Winds in Athens ................................................................................................................. H AÁÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ K·›Û·Ú· Î·È Ô N·fi˜ Ù˘ AÊÚÔ‰›Ù˘ ÛÙË PÒÌË. ™¯fiÏÈÔ Î·È ÂÓË̤ڈÛË ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 321-333 °§Y¶TIKH ÕÏÎËÛÙȘ ÃøPEMH-™¶ET™IEPH NÈÎfiÏ·Ô˜ KA§T™A™ μ¿Ûˆ ªI™AH§I¢OY-¢E™¶OTI¢OY μÈÎÙÒÚÈ· A§§AMANH-™OYPH 335-413 KÂÊ¿ÏÈ ÁÂÓÂÈÔÊfiÚÔ˘ ¿Ó‰Ú· ·fi ÂÈه̂ÈÔ ÌÓËÌÂ›Ô KÂÊ·Ï‹ OÌ‹ÚÔ˘ ÛÙÔ EıÓÈÎfi AÚ¯·ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi MÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ......................................................................................... 337-347 349-357 359-367 369-377 379-385 ............................................................................................. 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E›ÙÚÔÔÈ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÛηÊÒÓ OÏ˘Ì›·˜ ...................................................................................................... ...................... ........................................................................................................................................................... 619-631 ¶EPIEXOMENA 633-638 F003a_MEADOWSteliko 13/10/2009 08:41 µµ Page 25 MONEY IN AN IDEAL WORLD: PLATO’S LAWS AND THE DUAL NATURE OF COINAGE Andrew MEADOWS Discussions of the nature of coinage by Greek writers of the Classical period are few indeed. Aristotle, of course, has a certain amount to say, and his views have been influential in modern discussions of the nature of money, and have a broader part to play in analyses of Aristotle ’s economic thought. In the former debate, Aristotle’ views have had most impact s on reconstructions of the origins of coinage, albeit that these views are now largely out of favour. What clearly emerges from Aristotle ’s discussion is that coinage was a fully-fledged economic device by his time (the latter half of the 4th century BC), and largely taken for granted as a necessity for contemporary urban life. However, beyond its function as a means to facilitate trade and generate wealth in such an environment, Aristotle shows little interest in coinage. An important complement to what we may glean from Aristotle is provided by Plato, in a passage that has not attracted quite the same level of interest as Aristotle’s pronouncements. One of the reasons for this lack of attention has perhaps been the context in which it occurs: the Laws. Plato’s Laws is a work probably of the 350s BC, and thus from late in his career. Until a generation ago it was common to dismiss it as an unfinished, substandard attempt to reconcile the lofty ideals expressed in his earlier Republic with the more pragmatic concessions of an older man to human frailties. The Republic, after all, is concerned with the famous Platonic ideals, while the Laws involves itself with the grubbier world of civic practice. More recent scholarship, however, has sought to situate the Laws within a continuum of political outlook1. This latter mode of interpretation explains apparent 25 1. See, for example, STALLEY in SAUNDERS 2004 and id. 1983, p. 1-10. There is now also an excellent bibliographic tool in the form of SAUNDERS and BRISSON 2000. NOMI™MATIKH F003a_MEADOWSteliko 13/10/2009 08:41 µµ Page 26 K·ÙÂÚ›Ó· °∂øƒ°∞∫∞∫∏ Andrew MEADOWS differences in outlook and stress between the earlier political works, such as the Republic, and the Laws in terms of differing authorial intention: the Republic is intellectual underpinning, the Laws a justification aimed at the less metaphysically astute and a guide for the more practical implementation of the philosophical ideal. Correctly conceived or not, this ‘rehabilitation’ of the Laws has served to generate a considerable body of scholarship devoted to this important, and lengthy work of political philosophy, and it is time to look again at the place therein of coinage. As its title suggests, the Laws is about legislation. Simply put, Plato believed that legislation was the proper mechanism within a civilised society by which to create sophrosyne, commonly translated into English as ‘self-restraint’. Sophrosyne was in turn the pre-requisite for the ultimate goal: arete or ‘virtue’2. The literary form adopted by Plato, as in the Republic, is a dialogue. There are three interlocutors on a walk from Knossos in Crete to Zeus ’s Cave: Cleinias, a Cretan, Megillus, a Spartan, and an unnamed Athenian who serves as Plato’s mouthpiece. The conversation begins (Books 1 and 2) with a demonstration by the Athenian of the unsatisfactory natures of the Cretan and Spartan legal codes, followed by a protracted demonstration of the importance of sophrosyne and the means to acquire it (a process in which the symposium and the Arts have an important part to play). There then follows a case study (Book 3) of the failure of a state due to the lack of sophrosyne, and of the need for a mixed constitution as the necessary foundation for such self-restraint. The Athenian wishes that he could test his theories in some practical way, and, as luck would have it, the Cretan Cleinias now reveals that he is one of a panel of ten Knossians who have been asked by the Cretans to draw up a law code for a new colony, to be called Magnesia. The remainder of the work thus consists of the hammering out of a legal system for this new colony. In this process the Athenian is the main proponent of principle and detail. Book 4 describes the site of the colony, and proceeds to the process of legislation. The need for the justification of laws to be clear is noted. In Book 5 a general justification of Magnesia’s laws is provided, before the process of founding the city is described, including the allocation of land. Book 6 deals with elections, Book 7 with education. Book 8 covers sport, military training, sexual conduct, agriculture and trade. The final four books (9-12) are devoted predominantly to various elements of the penal code. It is in the course of his discussion in Book 5 of land-holdings and property-classes for the new colonists that Plato’s Athenian sets out the role of coinage. (742·) ¶Úe˜ ÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ ‰\ öÙÈ ÓfiÌÔ˜ ≤ÂÙ·È ÄÛÈ ÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ, Ìˉ\ âÍÂÖÓ·È ¯Ú˘ÛeÓ Ìˉb ôÚÁ˘ÚÔÓ ÎÂÎÙÉÛı·È Ìˉ¤Ó· ÌˉÂÓd å‰ÈÒÙFË, ÓfiÌÈÛÌ· ‰b ≤ÓÂη àÏÏ·Áɘ Ùɘ ηı\ ì̤ڷÓ, mÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔÖ˜ Ù àÏÏ¿ÙÙÂÛı·È ۯ‰eÓ àÓ·ÁηÖÔÓ, ηd ÄÛÈÓ ïfiÛˆÓ ¯Ú›· ÙáÓ ÙÔÈÔ‡ÙˆÓ ÌÈÛıÔf˜ ÌÈÛıˆÙÔÖ˜, ‰Ô‡ÏÔȘ ηd âÔ›ÎÔȘ, àÔÙ›ÓÂÈÓ, zÓ ≤ÓÂο Ê·ÌÂÓ Ùe ÓfiÌÈÛÌ· ÎÙËÙ¤ÔÓ ·éÙÔÖ˜ ÌbÓ öÓÙÈÌÔÓ, ÙÔÖ˜ ‰b ôÏÏÔȘ àÓıÚÒÔȘ à‰fiÎÈÌÔÓØ ÎÔÈÓeÓ ‰b ^EÏÏËÓÈÎeÓ ÓfiÌÈÛÌ· ≤ÓÂο Ù ÛÙÚ·ÙÂÈáÓ Î·d àÔ‰ËÌÈáÓ Âå˜ ÙÔf˜ ôÏÏÔ˘˜ àÓıÚÒÔ˘˜, ÔxÔÓ ÚÂÛ‚ÂÈáÓ j η› ÙÈÓÔ˜ àÓ·Áη›·˜ ôÏÏ˘ ÙFÉ fiÏÂÈ ÎËڢΛ·˜, âÎ¤ÌÂÈÓ ÙÈÓa iÓ ‰¤FË, ÙÔ‡ÙˆÓ ¯¿ÚÈÓ àÓ¿ÁÎË ëοÛÙÔÙ ÎÂÎÙÉÛı·È ÙFÉ fiÏÂÈ ÓfiÌÈÛÌ· ^EÏÏËÓÈÎeÓ. 26 NOMI™MATIKH 2. Such virtue is both an end in itself for Plato, and the means to the further ends of eirene and philophrosyne. See further STALLEY 1983, p. 37-40. F003a_MEADOWSteliko 13/10/2009 08:41 µµ Page 27 (b) å‰ÈÒÙFË ‰b iÓ ôÚ· ÔÙb àÓ¿ÁÎË ÙȘ Á›ÁÓËÙ·È àÔ‰ËÌÂÖÓ, ·Ú¤ÌÂÓÔ˜ ÌbÓ ÙÔf˜ ôÚ¯ÔÓÙ·˜ àÔ‰ËÌ›و, ÓfiÌÈÛÌ· ‰b ôÓ ÔıÂÓ ö¯ˆÓ ÍÂÓÈÎeÓ Ôúη‰Â àÊ›ÎËÙ·È ÂÚÈÁÂÓfiÌÂÓÔÓ, ÙFÉ fiÏÂÈ ·éÙe ηٷ‚·ÏϤو Úe˜ ÏfiÁÔÓ àÔÏ·Ì‚¿ÓˆÓ Ùe âȯÒÚÈÔÓØ å‰ÈÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˜ ‰b ôÓ ÙȘ Ê·›ÓËÙ·È, ‰ËÌfiÛÈfiÓ Ù ÁÈÁÓ¤Ûıˆ ηd ï Û˘ÓÂȉg˜ ηd Ìc ÊÚ¿˙ˆÓ àÚFÄ Î·d çÓ›‰ÂÈ ÌÂÙa ÙÔÜ àÁ·ÁfiÓÙÔ˜ öÓÔ¯Ô˜ öÛÙˆ, ηd ˙ËÌ›÷· Úe˜ ÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ Ìc âÏ¿ÙÙÔÓÈ ÙÔÜ ÍÂÓÈÎÔÜ ÎÔÌÈÛı¤ÓÙÔ˜ ÓÔÌ›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜. MONEY IN AN IDEAL WORLD: PLATO’S LAWS AND THE DUAL NATURE OF COINAGE Before beginning to interpret this passage an important point should be stressed. While Plato is, throughout the Laws, concerned with the exposition of the legal apparatus of the ideal state, the vision he offers is not purely utopian. The colony with which he is concerned “has a definite location in Greek space and time”3. The legislation he proposes is often based on actual Greek practice, and where not it nonetheless generally conforms to broadly accepted norms of behaviour. But in any case, it is legislation imposed upon a city based on a recognisable Greek model whose economic, social and religious realities are just that, realities, and as such taken for granted as requiring no further description. This is an ideal form of a real state; we are not in the world of utopian fantasy. Thus it is reasonable to expect that the terms that Plato uses in his discussion of coinage in Book 7 are familiar to his audience and may be taken to reflect the basic understanding of coinage from the point of view of a mid 4th-century audience 4. So, to return to the passage in question, a couple of interesting preconceptions about the nature of coinage emerge. Following the Athenian’s train of thought, he is in the first place suggesting a ban on the accumulation of wealth in the form of gold and silver. (In this the Athenian is sounding suspiciously Spartan). Having forbidden this, Plato has to provide for the workings of both exchange within the state and state incurred expenditure internationally. But Plato’s Athenian does not divide his discussion rhetorically in this way. Very specifically he introduces these two areas through two different kinds of coinage: ÓfiÌÈÛÌ· ‰b ≤ÓÂη Ùɘ ηı\ ìÌ¤Ú·Ó (also called âȯÒÚÈÔÓ) on the one hand and ÎÔÈÓeÓ ‰b ^EÏÏËÓÈÎeÓ ÓfiÌÈÛÌ· on the other. The former is dokimon only in the city of issue; the latter is obviously internationally acceptable. But Plato does not explain the mechanics of the difference between these two types of coinage: how to ensure, for example, that coinage is only usable in one place; or what a Hellenic coinage might consist of. For this passage to have been intelligible, these distinctions must already have been clear to Plato’ audience. Given that the diatribe begins with s proscription of gold and silver for personal possession, it might be tempting to suggest that the difference between epichorion and Hellenikon nomisma was in the substance: the former base metal, the latter precious. This indeed has been the principle matter for debate among commentators who have tackled this passage. Gernet, for example, in the introduction to his edition of the Laws, wrestled with the possibility that Plato might have been thinking of Spartan iron-bar money in describing the function of his epichorion nomisma5. But he rightly 3. MORROW 1960, p. 11. 4. On the familiarity of the underlying economic apparatus of the Laws see DANZIG and SCHAPS 2001. Cf. MORROW 1960, p. vii-viii: ‘these details of constitution making and legislation cannot themselves be rightly understood apart from their setting, the life of fourth-century Greece from which they are drawn or adapted. The significance of some casual phrase, some detail of election procedure for example, or some prescription regarding sacrifices and dances, can escape us if we do not know – as Plato’ readers did – the practices to which he is s referring or modifying’. 5. GERNET 1951, p. cii; cf. MORROW 1960, p. 140. 27 NOMI™MATIKH F003a_MEADOWSteliko 13/10/2009 08:41 µµ Page 28 Andrew MEADOWS rejected this idea, since it is clear from elsewhere in the Laws (849a-e) that Plato conceived of coinage as a standard, easily usable medium of exchange within his ideal state, which iron bars clearly would not have been. Morrow, in his historical interpretation of the Laws, suggests that Plato’s purpose would have been served by silver plated copper coins such as those issued by Athens at the end of the Peloponnesian War6. But this had been a very brief and anomalous period of production at Athens, and can hardly have been an obvious model to Plato’s audience. Similarly, bronze coinage must be ruled out as anachronistic, particularly as the city of Athens probably did not have a regular bronze coinage until after Plato’s death7. Base metal coinage was sufficiently unfamiliar in Athens, Sparta and Crete in the first half of the 4th century BC, that we should expect Plato to have made it clear in the Laws if he had been thinking of such a distinction between epichorion nomisma and Hellenikon nomisma for the city of Magnesia. Moreover, from other passages of the Laws, and of the Republic it seems clear that Plato did in general think of coinage as being made of precious metal. In Book 6, in his discussion of the functions of the Agoranomoi, Plato describes the penalties that these officials are allowed to inflict, should anyone commit a crime within the market, fountains or temples of the city: ÙeÓ à‰ÈÎÔÜÓÙ· ‰b ÎÔÏ¿˙ÂÈÓ, ÏËÁ·Ö˜ ÌbÓ Î·d ‰ÂÛÌÔÖ˜ ‰ÔÜÏÔÓ Î·d ͤÓÔÓ, âaÓ ‰\ âȯÒÚÈÔ˜ œÓ ÙȘ ÂÚd Ùa ÙÔÈ·ÜÙ· àÎÔÛÌFÉ, ̤¯ÚÈ ÌbÓ ëηÙeÓ ‰Ú·¯ÌáÓ ÓÔÌ›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·éÙÔf˜ ÂrÓ·È Î˘Ú›Ô˘˜ ‰È·‰Èο˙ÔÓÙ·˜ Ù÷á à‰ÈÎÔÜÓÙÈ (Laws 764 b-c) The collocation here of ‰Ú·¯ÌáÓ ÓÔÌ›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ strongly suggests that Plato is thinking in terms of fines imposed in monetary terms (and not, say, in kind), and the sums of money envisaged would also suggest that Plato was assuming the existence of a coinage adapted to make such payments, silver rather than bronze. In Book 5 the Athenian enumerates the advantages of dividing the organisation of the new state into 12 parts: ¬ıÂÓ ÊÚ·ÙÚ›·˜ ηd ‰‹ÌÔ˘˜ ηd ÎÒÌ·˜, ηd Úfi˜ Á Ùa˜ ÔÏÂÌÈÎa˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ Ù ηd àÁˆÁa˜, ηd öÙÈ ÓÔÌ›ÛÌ·Ù· ηd ̤ÙÚ· ÍËÚa Ù ηd ñÁÚa ηd ÛÙ·ıÌa (Laws 746d) While silver coinage was generally based on such a system, with 6 obols to the drachma, 12 to the didrachm or 24 to the tetradrachm on the Attic system, bronze coinage, when it was introduced at Athens, was based on subdivisions of one- eighth of the obol, not sixths or twelfths. Again it seems that silver coinage is uppermost in Plato’s mind. 28 6. MORROW 1960, p. 139, n. 129. For an overview of these plated coins see now KROLL 1996. NOMI™MATIKH 7. On the date of its beginning, probably in the 330s BC, see KROLL 1993, p. 24-32. F003a_MEADOWSteliko 13/10/2009 08:41 µµ Page 29 In fact it should be observed that there is no logical need within Plato’s Magnesia to prohibit the use of precious metal coinage. The utility of coinage is fully realised, while the restraint of its harmful tendencies is imposed not by the limit on the value of coinage (by stipulating monetary metal) but rather by the maintenance of strict limits on the amount of wealth tenable by an individual citizen. Thus in the common market of the city citizens shall àÏÏ¿ÙÂÛı·È ÓfiÌÈÛÌ¿ Ù ¯ÚËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·d ¯Ú‹Ì·Ù· ÓÔÌ›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜, Ìc ÚÔ˚¤ÌÂÓÔÓ ôÏÏÔÓ ëÙ¤Ú÷ˆ ÙcÓ àÏÏ·Á‹ÓØï ‰b ÚÔ¤ÌÂÓÔ˜ ó˜ ÈÛÙ‡ˆÓ, â¿ÓÙ ÎÔÌ›ÛËÙ·È Î·d iÓ Ì‹, ÛÙÂÚÁ¤Ùˆ ó˜ ÔéΤÙÈ ‰›Î˘ ÔûÛ˘ ÙáÓ ÙÔÈÔ‡ÙˆÓ ÂÚd Û˘Ó·ÏϿ͈Ó, Ùe ‰b èÓËıbÓ j Ú·ıbÓ ¬Û÷ˆ ϤÔÓ iÓ ÷q ηd ϤÔÓÔ˜ j ηÙa ÓfiÌÔÓ, n˜ ÂúÚËÎÂÓ fiÛÔ˘ ÚÔÛÁÂÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ηd àÔÁÂÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ‰ÂÖ Ìˉ¤ÙÂÚ· ÙÔ‡ÙˆÓ ÔÈÂÖÓ àÓ·ÁÚ·Ê‹Ùˆ ÙfiÙ\ õ‰Ë ·Úa ÙÔÖ˜ ÓÔÌÔʇϷÍÈÓ Ùe ϤÔÓ, âÍ·ÏÂÈʤÛıˆ ‰b Ùe âÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ. MONEY IN AN IDEAL WORLD: PLATO’S LAWS AND THE DUAL NATURE OF COINAGE (Laws 849e-850a) In the Republic, indeed, we find a compatible set of propositions. There it is only the Guardians of the ideal state who are to be insulated entirely from precious metals (Republic 416e-417a). It is clearly envisaged that the remainder of the population will have access to precious metal (ibid.) and that coinage is necessary for exchange to take place (Republic 371b). Magnesia too was to be a place where precious metal coinage circulated freely, within certain clearly defined limits, and for clearly defined purposes. What, then, is the practical difference between foreign (xenikon) currency and local (epichorion) currency, which stopped the latter circulating alongside the former? We should note first of all Plato’s own gloss: epichorion nomisma is ‘·éÙÔÖ˜ (the Magnesians) ÌbÓ öÓÙÈÌÔÓ, ÙÔÖ˜ ‰b ôÏÏÔȘ àÓıÚÒÔȘ à‰fiÎÈÌÔÓ ’: it should be valuable (entimos) internally, but to other men it should be adokimos (unacceptable). Plato could have written atimos here which would clearly have meant unvalued, or without value, but the term he uses (adokimos) implies rather acceptability, which might be the result of statute or an official process rather than simply a question of value or custom8. So what will have made one silver coin dokimon and another not within any state? To numismatists, the answer is clear enough: it must be the weight standard of the coinage, or the design, or both. The mid 5th- century coinage of the states of Athens and Aegina, for example, were different in appearance and were also produced at different weights. The Attic tetradrachm at about 17.2 g, the Aeginetan stater at 12.2 g. In practice it was possible to exchange the two coinages against each other, since the Aeginetan drachma and the Athenian related to each other at a ratio of 7:10 (7 staters:5 tetradrachms). In practice, though, the different designs and denominational structures insured that the two coins did not generally circulate together. Indeed building accounts from Epidauros reveal the existence at Athens of an exchange charge (epikatallage) of between 5 and 6% for a payment made in Aeginetan coinage in the 4th century BC in settlement of a bill payable in Athenian currency9. 8. On the meaning of dokimos see BUTTREY 1981, p. 83-88, with p. 87 on this particular passage. 9. On the transactions, the meaning of epikatallage and further evidence from Delphi, see LE RIDER 2001, p. 260263 and 265-266. For the general lack of evidence for the circulation of foreign silver currency at Athens see BUTTREY 1981, p. 88-89. 29 NOMI™MATIKH F003a_MEADOWSteliko 13/10/2009 08:41 µµ Page 30 Andrew MEADOWS The epichoric quality of coin design is in fact well attested on the island of Crete in the 4th century. Thanks to the work of Georges Le Rider the phenomenon and extent of overstriking is easily demonstrated at new fewer than 17 mints10. Obviously in such cases there was no problem with the weight of the underlying coins, since they were suitable as flans for the overtypes. It was the designs that had to be right, so that they could serve as epichoric coinage at the overstriking city. The reason that overstriking took place must have been that, despite the fact that states such as Gortyn, Phaistos and Knossos produced coins of the same weight, their epichoric designs prevented them from being dokimon outside their city of issue. So on this interpretation it becomes clear what the epichorion nomisma would be; the coin of a city on its own weight standard and/or with its own types. But what of Hellenikon nomisma? Logically this must be coinage that is internationally acceptable by weight or design. Again, to numismatists this phenomenon is very familiar, although they have not in general tended to use this term when talking of it. Three examples spring readily to mind. The coinage of Athens became a Hellenic coinage during the middle and latter half of the 5th century BC. As Xenophon tells us, it was useful everywhere, and hoards and the phenomenon of imitation tell us how widespread and long-lived the phenomenon became11. A second example is provided by Alexander, who issued vast quantities of coinage in his own name and with distinctive new types. After his death, his successors continued the production of such coinage, as did various city states. The evidence for the circulation of such posthumous Alexanders makes it quite clear that they did indeed circulate on an international stage. A third obvious instance of this phenomenon is the spread of the Attic weight stephanephoros coinages during the 2nd century BC. In this last case we notice an important development. Although they bore the design that identified them as common, Hellenic money (the wreathed reverse), there was scope for locally- significant design within the wreath and on the obverse. It is worth turning back to Plato’ description of the potential role of a Hellenic coinage when cons sidering these coinages. Their designs are self-conscious and refer to the deities of the cities that issued them. No doubt the ambassadors of the cities who carried these coins, as they travelled the Greek world requesting recognition for their local sanctuaries carried them with pride. Potentially, Plato’s description of the motivation or the production of Hellenic coinage suggests that such coinage may provide a useful index of a given state ’s interstate relations. We might compare, for example, Crete of the 4th century where only one of the many citystates seems to have produced a Hellenic coinage (the pseudo-Aeginetan issues of Cydonia), 10. See LE RIDER 1966, p. 50-129, pls. 11-29. The extent of observable overstiking is much higher here than elesewhere in the Greek world, where we must presume that foreign coin was melted down for re-striking. See LE RIDER 1975. 11. Xenophon, Poroi 3.2: àÏÏa ÌcÓ Î·d ÙÔÖ˜ âÌfiÚÔȘ âÓ ÌbÓ Ù·Ö˜ Ï›ÛٷȘ ÙáÓ fiÏÂˆÓ àÓÙÈÊÔÚÙ›˙ÂÛı·› ÙÈ àÓ¿ÁÎËØ ÓÔÌ›ÛÌ·ÛÈ ÁaÚ Ôé ¯ÚËÛ›ÌÔȘ ö͈ ¯ÚáÓÙ·ÈØ âÓ ‰b Ù·Ö˜ \Aı‹Ó·È˜ ÏÂÖÛÙ· ÌbÓ öÛÙÈÓ àÓÙÂÍ¿ÁÂÈÓ zÓ iÓ ‰¤ˆÓÙ·È ôÓıÚˆÔÈ, jÓ ‰b Ìc ‚ԇψÓÙ·È àÓÙÈÊÔÚÙ›˙ÂÛı·È, ηd [Ôî] àÚÁ‡ÚÈÔÓ âÍ¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ηÏcÓ âÌÔÚ›·Ó âÍ¿ÁÔ˘ÛÈÓ, ¬Ô˘ ÁaÚ iÓ ˆÏáÛÈÓ ·éÙfi, ·ÓÙ·¯ÔÜ ϤÔÓ ÙÔÜ àÚ¯·›Ô˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘ÛÈÓ. For the interpretation of this passage see GAUTHIER 1976, p. 76-80. On the size and role of Athenian coinage see most recently FIGUEIRA 1998, passim and p. 528-535 on imitations. 30 NOMI™MATIKH F003a_MEADOWSteliko 13/10/2009 08:41 µµ Page 31 with the numerous cities of Greece and Asia Minor that produced stephanephoric coinage in the 2nd century BC. Quite apart from what we know of these areas and periods from other sources, the coinage alone suggests a period of relative isolation or isolationism in the former case, and one of significant diplomatic activity in the latter. We might also note interesting possibilities for enquiry at those points in the historical record when the boundaries between epichoric and Hellenic nomisma became blurred. Two obvious epigraphic examples from Athens occur in the form of the famous Standards Decree (IG I3 1453) which seeks to impose a Hellenic currency (Athenian) as the epichoric coinage of the allies, and law of the nomothetai of 375/4 (Hesperia 43 [1974], p. 157-188) which was apparently prompted in part by the need to deal with the fact that Athens’ epichoric coinage had become Hellenic. In the restricted scope of this paper we can go no further. We must close with the simple conclusion that both Plato and his audience would have regarded coinage in the 4th century BC as essentially performing a dual function. On the one hand there is epichorion nomisma which when exported becomes xenikon nomisma. On the other hand there is Hellenikon nomisma. And we may note that the opportunities for broadening this interpretation of the import of ancient coinage by interpretation through these dual functions of the epichoric and Hellenic are tempting indeed. MONEY IN AN IDEAL WORLD: PLATO’S LAWS AND THE DUAL NATURE OF COINAGE BIBLIOGRAPHY T.V. BUTTREY, “More on the Athenian Coinage Law of 375/4 BC”, NAC 10 (1981), p. 71-94. G. DANZIG and D. SCHAPS, “ The Economy: what Plato saw and what he wanted”, in F. L. LISIS (ed.), Plato’s Laws and its historical significance. Selected Papers of the I International Congress on Ancient Thought, Salamanca, 1998, Sankt Augustin 2001, p. 143-147. T.J. FIGUEIRA, The Power of Money. Coinage and Politics in the Athenian Empire, Philadelphia 1998. P. GAUTHIER, Un Commentaire Historique des Poroi de Xénophon, Geneva/Paris 1976. L. GERNET, “Les Lois et le droit positif ”, in Plato, Oevres Complètes, tome XI, Paris 1951. J. KROLL, The Athenian Agora. Volume XXVI. The Greek Coins, Princeton 1993. J. KROLL, “ The Piraeus 1902 hoard of plated drachms and tetradrachms (IGCH 64)” in XAPAKTHP, AÊȤڈ̷ ÛÙË M·ÓÙÒ OÈÎÔÓÔÌ›‰Ô˘, Athens 1996, p. 139-146. G. LE RIDER, Monnaies Crétoises du Ve au Ier siècle av. J.-C., Paris 1966. G. LE RIDER, “Contremarques et surfrappes dans l’Antiquité grecque” in J.-M. DENTZER, P. GAUTHIER and T. HACKENs (eds), Numismatique Antique. Problèmes et Méthodes, Nancy/Louvain 1975, p. 27-56. G. LE RIDEr, La Naissance de la Monnaie. Pratiques monétaires de l’ Orient ancien, Paris 2001. G.R. MORROW, Plato’s Cretan City. A Historical Interpretation of the Laws, Princeton 1960. T.J. SAUNDERS, Plato. The Laws, London 2004. T.J. SAUNDERS and L. BRISSON, Bibliography on Plato’s Laws, Sankt Augustin 2000. R.F. STALLEY, An Introduction to Plato’s Laws, Oxford 1983. An R. STROUD, “ Athenian Law on Silver Coinage”, Hesperia 43 (1974), p. 157-188. 31 NOMI™MATIKH F003a_MEADOWSteliko 13/10/2009 08:41 µµ Page 32